Functional magnetic resonance imaging / Scott A. Huettel, Allen W. Song, Gregory McCarthy.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Huettel, Scott A.

Contributor:

Song, Allen W., 1971-

McCarthy, Gregory, 1952-

Alumni and Friends Memorial Book Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Brain--Magnetic resonance imaging.

Brain.

Cognitive neuroscience.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Brain Mapping--methods.

Medical Subjects:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Brain Mapping--methods.

Physical Description:

xviii, 492 pages : color illustrations ; 29 cm + 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.)

Place of Publication:

Sunderland, Mass. : Sinauer Associates, Publishers, [2004]

System Details:

System requirements for accompanying CD-ROM: Internet browser software (Internet Explorer 6 recommended); use of the data sets requires third-party MRI data analysis software (not included: see the Tools tab of the CD for information on how to obtain a variety of software packages); access to the Links page requires an Internet connection.

Summary:

Accompanying CD-ROM contains ... "study questions for each chapter of the textbook, in HTML and Microsoft Word formats; 14 suggested lab exercises; 10 fMRI dat sets, including both functional and anatomical data; a Tools section with information on obtaining suggested freely available software packages; a complete glossary"--user's guide.

Contents:

1 An Introduction to fMRI 1

Why Image Brain Function? 4

History of fMRI 11

Early Studies of Magnetic Resonance 11

Box 1.1 What is fMRI Used For? 12

NMR in Bulk Matter: Bloch and Purcell 15

The First MR images 17

Growth of MRI 21

Physical Bases of fMRI 22

Principles of BOLD fMRI 23

Design and Analysis of fMRI Experiments 24

Applications and Future Directions 25

2 MRI Scanners 27

How MRI Scanners Work 27

Static Magnetic Field 27

Radiofrequency Coils 31

Gradient Coils 34

Shimming Coils 35

Computer Hardware and Software 37

Experimental Control System 37

Physiological Monitoring Equipment 38

MRI Safety 39

Effects of Static Magnetic Fields upon Human Physiology 39

Box 2.1 Outline of an fMRI Experiment 40

Translation and Torsion 44

Gradient Magnetic Field Effects 45

Radiofrequency Field Effects 46

Claustrophobia 47

Acoustic Noise 47

3 Basic Principles of MR Signal Generation 49

Nuclear Spins 49

Spins within Magnetic Fields 50

Magnetization of a Spin System 53

Spin Excitation and Signal Reception 53

Principles of MR Signal Generation 55

Spins: Magnetic Moment 55

Spins: Angular Momentum 56

Spins within Magnetic Fields 57

Spin Precession 59

Magnetization of Spins in Bulk Matter 62

Spin Excitation 63

Signal Reception 69

Spin Relaxation 70

The Bloch Equation 73

4 Basic Principles of MR Signal Formation 75

Analysis of MR Signal 76

Longitudinal Magnetization (M[subscript z]) 77

Solution for Transverse Magnetization (M[subscript xy]) 79

The MR Signal Equation 81

Slice Selection, Spatial Encoding, and Image Reconstruction 82

Slice Excitation 87

2-D Spatial Encoding 90

2-D Image Formation 92

3-D Imaging 93

Potential Problems in Image Formation 94

5 MR Contrast Mechanisms and Pulse Sequences 99

Static Contrasts and Related Pulse Sequences 100

Proton-Density Contrast 101

T[subscript 1] Contrast 104

T[subscript 2] Contrast 106

T[subscript 2] Contrast 109

Motion-Weighted Contrast 110

MR Angiography 110

Diffusion-Weighted Contrast 113

Perfusion-Weighted Contrast 117

Fast Imaging Sequences for fMRI Image Acquisition 120

Echo-Planar Imaging 120

Spiral Imaging 123

6 From Neuronal to Hemodynamic Activity 127

Neuronal Activity 128

Ion Channels in Neurons 130

Neurotransmitters and Action Potentials 131

Cerebral Metabolism: Neuronal Energy Consumption 133

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) 134

The Vascular System of the Brain 136

Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins 138

Arterial and Venous Anatomy of the Human Brain 139

Microcirculation 142

Blood Flow 143

Control of Blood Flow 144

Effects of Increased Blood Flow upon Capillaries 146

Box 6.1 Neurogenic Control of Blood Flow 147

Box 6.2 Primer on Neuroanatomy 149

7 BOLD fMRI 159

History of BOLD fMRI 159

Discovery of BOLD Contrast 160

The Coupling of Glucose Metabolism and Blood Flow 162

Glucose and Oxygen Metabolism 163

Box 7.1 PET Imaging 164

Watering the Garden for the Sake of One Thirsty Flower 165

The Astrocyte-Neuron Lactate Shuttle Model 166

Box 7.2 The Initial Dip 168

Transit Time and Oxygen Extraction 169

Implications for BOLD fMRI 170

The Growth of BOLD fMRI 171

Evolution of Functional MRI 171

Early fMRI Studies 174

Components of the BOLD Hemodynamic Response 176

Box 7.3 Functional Studies Using Contrast Agents 177

8 Spatial and Temporal Properties of fMRI 185

Spatial Resolution of fMRI

Box 8.1 Terminology of fMRI 186

Spatial Specificity in the Vascular System 190

What Spatial Resolution Is Needed? 193

Box 8.2 Mapping of Ocular Dominance Columns Using fMRI 194

Temporal Resolution of fMRI 197

The Timing of Brain Events 200

Effects of Stimulus Duration 202

Relative Timing across Brain Regions 204

Linearity of the Hemodynamic Response 206

Properties of a Linear System 207

Evidence for Rough Linearity 209

Challenges to Linearity 211

Using Refractory Effects to Study Neuronal Adaptation 213

9 Signal and Noise in fMRI 217

Understanding Signal and Noise 219

Signal and Noise Defined 219

Functional SNR 222

Sources of Noise in fMRI 224

Thermal Noise 225

System Noise 227

Motion and Physiological Noise 228

Non-Task-Related Neural Variability 230

Behavioral and Cognitive Variability 231

Improving Functional SNR through Experimental Design 233

Box 9.1 Intersubject Variability in the Hemodynamic Response 234

Improving Functional SNR by Increasing Field Strength 236

Raw SNR and Spatial Resolution 237

Functional SNR and Spatial Extent 238

Spatial Specificity 239

Challenges of High-Field fMRI 241

Improving Functional SNR through Signal Averaging 242

Effects of Averaging on Estimation of the Hemodynamic Response 242

Effects of Averaging on Detection of Active Voxels 245

Box 9.2 Power Analyses 248

Alternatives to Signal Averaging 249

Signal Averaging: Conclusions 249

10 Preprocessing of fMRI Data 253

Quality Assurance 254

Slice Acquisition Time Correction 256

Head Motion 258

Prevention of Head Motion 261

Correction of Head Motion 263

Distortion Correction 266

Functional-Structural Coregistration and Normalization 269

Functional-Structural Coregistration 269

Spatial Normalization 271

Spatial and Temporal Filtering 274

Effects of Spatial Filtering on Functional SNR 278

11 Experimental Design 283

Basic Principles of Experimental Design 284

Setting Up a Good Research Hypothesis 286

Are fMRI Data Correlational? 288

Confounding Factors 290

Box 11.1 An Example of fMRI Experimental Design 292

Blocked Designs 294

Setting Up a Blocked Design 295

Advantages and Disadvantages of Blocked Designs 297

Box 11.2 Baseline Activity in fMRI 301

Event-Related Designs 303

Early Event-Related fMRI Studies 304

Principles of Event-Related fMRI 307

Semirandom Designs 310

Advantages and Disadvantages of Event-Related Designs 311

Mixed Designs 314

12 Statistical Analysis 321

Basic Statistical Tests 323

The t-Test 324

Correlation Analysis 328

Fourier Analysis 329

Displaying Statistical Results 333

The General Linear Model 336

Constructing a Design Matrix 338

Modeling BOLD Signal Changes 340

Additional Assumptions 342

Corrections for Multiple Comparisons 343

Box 12.1 Data-Driven Analyses 344

Random Field Theory 346

Cluster-Size Thresholding 347

Region-of-Interest Analyses 349

Intersubject Analyses 351

Box 12.2 Real-Time Analysis in Presurgical Patients 354

13 Applications of fMRI 359

Translational Research 359

Studying Human-Specific Topic Areas 362

Identifying Functional Relations among Brain Regions 364

From Coactivation to Connectivity 364

Box 13.1 Methods for Connectivity Mapping in fMRI 368

Topic Areas 372

Attention 372

Memory 377

Executive Function 380

Box 13.2 Use of fMRI in Nonhuman Primates 386

Consciousness 389

14 Advanced fMRI Methods 399

Spatial Resolution and Spatial Fidelity 400

Multiple-Channel Acquisition 402

Susceptibility Compensation and Weighting 405

Improving BOLD Contrast 408

Non-BOLD Contrasts 410

Spatial Connectivity 414

Temporal Resolution 416

Multiple-Channel Acquisition 416

Partial k-Space Imaging 417

Efficient k-Space Trajectories 419

Improved Experimental Designs 420

Box 14.1 Direct MRI of Neuronal Activity 422

15 Converging Operations 429

Cognitive Neuroscience 429

Strategies for Research in Cognitive Neuroscience 431

Changing Neuronal Activity 432

Direct Cortical Stimulation 432

Functional Consequences of Direct Cortical Stimulation 434

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 436

Brain Lesions 438

Combined Lesion and fMRI Studies 440

Probabilistic Brain Atlases 441

Brain Imaging and Genomics 442

Measuring Neuronal Activity 443

Box 15.1 Electrogenesis 444

Single-Unit Recording 447

Limitations of Single-Unit Recording 449

Field Potentials 450

Localizing the Neural Generators of Field Potentials 451

Intracranially Recorded Field Potentials 453

Box 15.2 Localization of Function Using Field Potential Recordings 454

Box 15.3 Neuronal Activity and BOLD fMRI 458

Scalp-Recorded Field Potentials 460

Magnetoencephalography 462

Advice for the Beginning Researcher 463.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Alumni and Friends Memorial Book Fund.

ISBN:

0878932887

OCLC:

54035718