Subsurface hydrology / George F. Pinder, Michael A. Celia.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Pinder, George Francis, 1942-

Contributor:

Celia, Michael Anthony.

Hazel M. Hussong Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Groundwater.

Groundwater--Pollution.

Physical Description:

xiii, 468 pages : illustrations, maps ; 27 cm

Place of Publication:

Hoboken, N.J. : Wiley-Interscience, [2006]

Summary:

This text features a comprehensive examination of water movement as well as the movement of various pollutants in the earth's subsurface. The authors also discuss the movement of fluids other than water in the subsurface such as oil, gasoline, and other liquids that may serve as sources of contamination. The multidisciplinary approach covers the topic from both a scientific and engineering perspective, integrating such fields as earth science, fluid mechanics, mathematics, statistics, and chemistry.

Rather than focus on the physical systems themselves, this text takes a practical approach by stressing methodology. Readers are provided with a full discussion of the practices, procedures, and rules for dealing with groundwater. Among the important topics covered are: Fluid and multi-fluid flow and transport, Water movement in geological formations, Analytical solutions for flow problems, Well hydraulics, Numerical solutions of the groundwater flow equation, Contamination of subsurface water and remediation, Groundwater and surface water interaction.

Figures, diagrams, charts, and tables are used liberally throughout the text to help readers visualize various procedures and subsurface structures. A summary is included at the end of each chapter to highlight key concepts. Problem sets at the end of each chapter give readers an opportunity to test their knowledge and practice their new skills.

With its emphasis on methodology, this is an excellent reference to groundwater principles and practices for any scientist or engineer involved in the field. Moreover, the use of problem sets and the logical presentation of materials make this appropiate as an upper-level undergraduate and graduate textbook for courses in groundwater hydrology and hydrogeology.

Contents:

1 Water and the Subsurface Environment 1

1.1 Groundwater Hydrology 1

1.2 Groundwater and the Hydrologic Cycle 2

1.3 Groundwater as a Resource 4

1.4 Groundwater and the Subsurface 5

1.5 The Near-Surface Environment 7

1.5.1 Soil 7

1.6 Porosity 19

1.6.1 Primary Porosity 19

1.6.2 Secondary Porosity 19

1.7 Soil Water 26

1.8 Groundwater Contamination 27

1.8.1 Naturally Occurring Groundwater Contaminants 28

1.8.2 Anthropogenic Contaminants 32

1.8.3 Superfund 41

1.9 Quantitative Analysis of Groundwater Problems 44

1.9.1 Governing Equations 46

1.9.2 Field Data 47

1.9.3 Behavior of Groundwater Systems 48

2 Fluid Flow and Mass Transport 52

2.1 Fluid Pressure 52

2.2 Hydraulic Head 56

2.3 Fluid Potential 57

2.4 Concept of Saturation 62

2.5 The Darcy Experiment 70

2.5.1 Extended Forms of Darcy's Law 85

2.5.2 Example of a Groundwater Flow Velocity Calculation in Two Dimensions 89

2.5.3 Additional Concepts of Fluid Potential 93

2.6 Fluid Flow and Mass and Energy Fluxes 94

2.6.1 Convection, Diffusion, and Dispersion 95

2.6.2 The Phenomena of Adsorption and Retardation 99

3 The Geologic Setting 106

3.1 Unconsolidated Deposits 106

3.1.1 Clastic Sedimentary Environment 106

3.1.2 Precipitate Sedimentary Environment 113

3.1.3 Glacial Environments 113

3.2 Consolidated Rocks 122

3.3 Metamorphic Rocks 125

3.4 Igneous Rocks 127

3.5 Geologic Time 133

3.5.1 The Hadean Era 134

3.5.2 The Archaean Era 134

3.5.3 Proterozoic Era 134

3.5.4 Paleozoic Era 135

3.5.5 Mesozoic Era 141

3.5.6 Cenozoic Era 145

3.6 Field Investigation 147

3.6.1 Near-Surface Investigation 147

3.6.2 Deep Subsurface Investigation 148

3.7 The Hydrogeological Record 151

3.7.1 The Cross Section 152

3.7.2 The Contour Map 156

3.8 The Measurement of State Variables 157

3.8.1 Water-Level Measurements 157

3.8.2 Solute Concentration Measurements 159

4 Water Movement in Geological Formations 164

4.1 Conservation of Fluid Mass 164

4.2 Conservation of Fluid Mass in a Porous Medium 167

4.3 Groundwater Flow Equations 173

4.3.1 The Governing Equation 173

4.3.2 Parameter Estimates 175

4.3.3 Boundary Conditions 175

4.3.4 Initial Conditions 177

4.3.5 Sources and Sinks 177

4.4 The Free-Surface Condition 178

4.5 Reduction in Dimensionality 181

4.5.1 Physical Dimensions of the Model 181

4.5.2 Vertical Integration of the Flow Equation 182

4.5.3 The Free-Surface Condition in the Areal Model 186

4.6 Salt-Water Intrusion 187

4.7 One-Dimensional Formulation 189

4.8 Cylindrical Coordinates 192

5 Analytical Solutions for Flow Problems 198

5.1 One-dimensional Flow Problems 199

5.1.1 Darcy Column Experiments 199

5.1.2 One-Dimensional Regional Flow 203

5.1.3 Flow in Radial Coordinates 206

5.2 Two-dimensional Flow Problems 210

5.2.1 Graphical Solutions 210

5.2.2 Analytical Solutions in Two Dimensions 218

6 Well Hydraulics 224

6.1 The Slug Test 224

6.1.1 Hvorslev Method 226

6.1.2 Cooper-Bredehoeft-Papadopulos Approach 228

6.2 Pumping Tests 232

6.2.1 Thiem Method 233

6.2.2 Theis Method 234

6.2.3 Cooper-Jacob Method 237

6.2.4 Papadopulos-Cooper Method 240

6.2.5 Hantush Leaky Aquitard Method 242

6.2.6 Neuman Method for Unconfined Aquifers 246

6.2.7 Theis Recovery Method 250

6.2.8 Image Well Theory 255

7 Numerical Solutions of the Groundwater Flow Equation 263

7.1 Introduction to Numerical Method 263

7.2 Polynomial Approximation Theory 264

7.3 Finite-Difference Methods 267

7.3.1 Finite-Difference Representation of the Groundwater Flow Equation 271

7.3.2 Finite-Difference Method in Two Space Dimensions 275

7.4 Finite-Element Methods 278

7.4.1 Galerkin's Method 279

7.4.2 Two-Dimensional Finite-Element Formulation 283

7.5 Finite-Volume Formulation 289

7.5.1 Two-Dimensional Finite-Volume Formulation 292

7.6 Finite-Element Method and the Transient Flow Equation 296

7.7 Simulation Under Parameter Uncertainty 297

7.7.1 Introduction to Probability 297

7.7.2 Random Fields 302

7.7.3 The Semivariogram 303

7.7.4 Kriging 305

7.7.5 Solving Problems Involving Random Hydraulic Conductivity Fields 308

8 Contamination of Subsurface Water 320

8.1 Types of Contaminants 320

8.2 Mass Conservation 321

8.3 Mass Conservation in a Porous Medium 321

8.3.1 The Dispersion Relationship 325

8.3.2 One-Dimensional Transport 327

8.4 Retardation 330

8.5 Chemical Reactions 334

8.6 Numerical Solution to the Groundwater Transport Equations 336

9 Groundwater-Surface-Water Interaction 343

9.2 Fluid Dynamics Near the Stream 346

9.2.1 Bank Storage Effects 347

9.2.2 Influence of Pumping Wells 352

9.2.3 Hydrograph Separation 355

9.3 Chemical Interaction 358

10 Remediation 366

10.1 Pump-and-Treat 366

10.1.1 Inward-Gradient Approach 366

10.1.2 Risk-Based Approach 368

10.2 Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) 371

10.3 Air Sparing 373

10.4 Some Basic Chemistry 374

10.4.1 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 374

10.4.2 Organic Chemistry 377

10.5 Permeable Reactive Barriers 385

10.6 Bioremediation 389

10.6.1 The Process 389

10.6.2 Bioremediation as a Remediation Concept 391

10.7 Optimal Design of Remediation and Management Strategies 397

10.7.1 Gradient-Constrained Pump-and-Treat Designs 397

10.7.2 Risk-Constrained Pump-and-Treat Designs 400

11 Multifluid Flow and Transport 404

11.1 Problems involving Multiple Fluids 405

11.1.1 Unsaturated Soils 405

11.1.2 Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids 406

11.1.3 Fluid Components and Groundwater Contamination 406

11.2 Governing Equations 407

11.2.1 Mass Balance Equations 407

11.2.2 Darcy's Law for Multifluid Flow 408

11.2.3 Capillary Pressure and Governing Equations 411

11.2.4 Functional Forms for Relative Permeability and Capillary Pressure 415

11.2.5 Equation for Solid Phase 417

11.2.6 Equations for Components Within a Fluid 417

11.2.7 Equations for Components Within the Solid 419

11.2.8 Reactions, Mass Transfer, and Source/Sink Terms 420

11.3 The Unsaturated Zone and Richards' Equation 423

11.3.1 Properties of Air and Water and Richards' Assumption 423

11.3.2 Richards' Equation for Water Flow 424

11.3.3 Water and Air Dynamics in the Unsaturated Zone 427

11.3.4 Plant Roots and Evapotranspiration 430

11.4 Solution Methods: Multifluid Flow Equations 434

11.4.1 Simplified Solutions for Unsaturated Flow 434

11.4.2 Numerical Solution of Richards' Equation 437

11.4.3 Analytical Solutions for Two-Fluid Flow: The Buckley-Leverett Solution 442

11.4.4 Numerical Solutions for Two-Fluid Systems 448.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Hazel M. Hussong Fund.

ISBN:

0471742430

OCLC:

63108391

Publisher Number:

9780471742432