Groundwater in geologic processes / Steven E. Ingebritsen, Ward E. Sanford, Christopher E. Neuzil.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Ingebritsen, S. E.

Contributor:

Neuzil, C. E.

Sanford, Ward E.

Cornelia Dodderer Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Groundwater.

Hydrogeology.

Physical Description:

xxv, 536 pages : illustrations, maps ; 25 cm

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Summary:

The second edition of this well-received and widely adopted textbook has been revised extensively to provide a more comprehensive treatment of hydromechanics (the coupling of groundwater flow and deformation), to incorporate findings from the substantial body of research published since the first edition, and to include three new chapters on compaction and diagenesis, metamorphism, and subsea hydrogeology.

A systematic presentation of theory and application, coupled with problem sets to conclude each chapter, makes this text ideal for use by advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level hydrogeologists and geologists. It also serves as an invaluable reference for professionals in the field. Solutions to the student exercises are available to lecturers online at www.cambridge.org/9780521603218.

Contents:

1 Groundwater flow 1

1.1 Darcy's law 2

1.1.1 The limits of Darcy's law 4

1.1.2 Driving forces for groundwater flow 6

1.2 Crustal permeability 10

1.2.1 Permeability versus porosity 10

1.2.2 Heterogeneity and anisotropy 12

1.2.3 Scale dependence 15

1.2.4 Depth dependence 18

1.2.5 Time dependence 21

1.2.6 Some limiting values 22

1.3 Conceptualizing groundwater systems 24

1.4 The continuum approach 26

1.5 The groundwater flow equation 28

1.5.1 Conservation of mass 28

1.5.2 The storage term 31

1.5.3 Various forms of the groundwater flow equation 33

2 Hydromechanical coupling 38

2.1 Hydromechanical equations 39

2.1.1 Elastic strain 43

2.1.2 Effective stress 45

2.1.3 Constitutive law for poroelasticity 50

2.1.4 Force equilibrium and the equations of poroelastic deformation 52

2.1.5 The groundwater flow equation for poroelastic media 56

2.1.6 Coupling flow and deformation in poroelastic media 61

2.2 Inelastic deformation and finite strain 66

2.2.1 Deformation in geologic processes 67

2.2.2 Additional complexities of geologic deformation 75

2.3 Uncertainty in hydromechanical descriptions 76

2.3.1 Uncertain constitutive laws for deformation 76

2.3.2 Uncertain boundary and initial conditions 79

2.4 Pragmatism in analysis: useful simplifications 80

2.4.1 Purely vertical strain 80

2.4.2 Numerical tricks and extensions of poroelasticity 83

2.4.3 Porosity and stress gradients as indicators of long-term strain 84

2.5 Understanding hydromechanical phenomena 86

3 Solute transport 89

3.1 Governing equations 89

3.1.1 Molecular diffusion 90

3.1.2 Advection 92

3.1.3 Mechanical dispersion 93

3.1.4 Mass-balance equation 96

3.1.5 Chemical reactions 97

3.1.6 Initial and boundary conditions 99

3.2 Numerical solution techniques 101

3.3 Density-driven flow 104

3.4 Multicomponent diffusion 105

3.5 Multicomponent reactive transport 108

3.5.1 Rate-based reactions 111

3.5.2 Surface reactions 113

3.5.3 Homogeneous reactions 114

3.5.4 Heterogeneous reactions 116

3.5.5 Solution algorithms 117

3.6 Ultrafiltration 119

3.7 The role of microbes 120

4 Heat transport 124

4.1 Governing equations 124

4.1.1 Pressure and enthalpy as dependent variables 125

4.1.2 Statements of mass and energy conservation 129

4.1.3 A form of Darcy's law for two-phase flow of compressible fluids 131

4.1.4 Conductive heat flux 133

4.1.5 One-dimensional forms of the governing equations 134

4.1.6 Extending the governing equations to three dimensions 135

4.1.8 Fluid properties 138

4.1.9 Numerical solution 139

4.2 Initial and boundary conditions 139

4.3 Temperature-based formulations 141

4.4 One-dimensional groundwater flow 143

4.4.1 Steady vertical flow 143

4.4.2 Flow in a confined aquifer or fault zone 146

4.5 Dimensionless numbers 148

4.5.1 Nusselt number 148

4.5.2 Peclet number 149

4.5.3 Rayleigh number 150

4.6 Buoyancy-driven flow 151

4.7 Heat pipes 152

4.8 Conversion of gravitational potential energy to heat 153

5 Regional-scale flow and transport 157

5.1 Regional groundwater flow 158

5.2 Anomalous fluid pressures 159

5.2.1 Geologic forcing 161

5.2.2 Elevated fluid pressures 163

5.2.3 Hydraulic fracturing 164

5.2.4 The Gulf Coast 165

5.3 Regional-scale solute transport 168

5.3.1 Groundwater age 168

5.3.2 Large-scale dispersion 172

5.3.3 Evolution of regional groundwater chemistry 174

5.4 Regional-scale heat transfer 177

5.4.1 The conductive regime in sedimentary basins 177

5.4.2 Thermal effects of groundwater flow in sedimentary basins 179

5.4.3 Some case studies of sedimentary basins 181

5.4.4 An example from volcanic terrane 184

5.4.5 The stress - heat flow paradox of the San Andreas fault 187

6 Ore deposits 193

6.1 Mississippi Valley type deposits 194

6.1.1 Evidence for regional-scale brine migration 195

6.1.2 The role of brines 197

6.1.3 Controls on ore deposition 198

6.1.4 Driving forces for fluid flow 199

6.1.5 Unresolved issues with United States MVTs 202

6.1.6 The Irish "MVTs" 203

6.2 Other stratiform base-metal deposits 205

6.3 Sediment-hosted uranium 207

6.3.1 Redox control of uranium solubility 207

6.3.2 Tabular uranium deposits 208

6.3.3 Unconformity-type uranium deposits 208

6.4 Mineralization through in situ diagenesis 213

6.4.1 Supergene enrichment of porphyry copper 213

6.4.2 Colombian emeralds 216

7 Hydrocarbons 220

7.1 Thermal maturation 221

7.1.1 The oil window 221

7.1.2 Groundwater flow and the thermal regime 222

7.2 Migration 226

7.2.1 Capillary effects 226

7.2.2 Primary migration 227

7.2.3 Secondary migration 228

7.3 Entrapment 230

7.4 Governing equations for immiscible multiphase flow 234

7.5.1 The Uinta basin 236

7.5.2 The Los Angeles basin 239

7.6 Pressure regimes in hydrocarbon basins 241

7.7 Hydrocarbon resources 245

8 Geothermal processes 247

8.1 Crustal heat flow 247

8.1.1 Measurement 248

8.1.2 Lateral and vertical variations 250

8.1.3 Perturbations due to groundwater flow 252

8.2 Magmatic-hydrothermal systems 253

8.2.1 Magmatic heat sources 254

8.2.2 Heat transfer from magma to groundwater 256

8.2.3 Fluid circulation near magma bodies 257

8.2.4 Permeabilities in near-magma environments 260

8.2.5 Magnitude and time-variation of hydrothermal discharge 262

8.3 Fluid flow and heat transport near the critical point 267

8.3.1 One-dimensional pressure-enthalpy paths 268

8.3.2 Two-dimensional convection 270

8.4 Multiphase processes 271

8.4.1 Phase separation 272

8.4.2 Vapor-dominated zones 273

8.4.3 Pressure transmission 276

8.4.4 Boiling point - depth curves 277

8.5 Hot springs 279

8.6 Geysers 281

8.7 Geothermal resources 284

8.8 Hydrothermal ore deposits 285

9 Earthquakes 289

9.1 Effective stress 290

9.2 Coulomb's law of failure 292

9.3 Induced seismicity 295

9.3.1 The Rocky Mountain arsenal 296

9.3.2 Rangely, Colorado 298

9.3.3 The Lacq gas field 300

9.4 Fluid pressures and tectonism 300

9.4.1 Hubbert and Rubey 302

9.4.2 Irwin and Barnes model for the San Andreas 304

9.4.3 Byerlee and Rice models for the San Andreas 306

9.4.4 Earthquake swarms driven by deep, natural fluid sources 309

9.5 Seismicity modulated by shallow hydrology 311

9.6 Earthquake-induced hydrologic phenomena 312

9.6.1 Well behavior 313

9.6.2 Geysering 316

9.6.3 Streamflow changes 318

9.7 Stress, earthquakes, and crustal permeability 322

10 Evaporites 325

10.1 Evaporite formation 325

10.1.1 The marine evaporite problem 326

10.1.2 Groundwater inflow 328

10.1.3 CaCl[subscript 2] brines 330

10.1.4 Magnesium depletion 332

10.1.5 Continental evaporites 333

10.1.6 Sabkhas 334

10.1.7 Groundwater outflow 336

10.2 Evaporite burial and dissolution 340

10.3 Diapiric rise of evaporites 342

10.3.1 Variable-density convection 343

10.3.2 Caprock formation 346

11 Compaction and diagenesis 352

11.1 Compaction 353

11.1.1 Vertical loading and elevated fluid pressures 357

11.1.2 Delayed compaction 360

11.1.3 Erosional unloading 364

11.1.4 Tectonic compression 365

11.1.5 Variations in fluid pressure 368

11.2 Diagenesis 371

11.2.1 Reaction-flow coupling 371

11.2.2 Diagenesis of siliciclastic sequences 373

11.2.3 Mechanochemical processes 378

11.2.4 Mineral banding 381

12 Metamorphism 385

12.1 The role of fluids in metamorphism 386

12.1.1 Evidence for voluminous fluid fluxes 386

12.1.2 Sources of fluid 387

12.1.3 Fluid dynamics 390

12.2 Crustal-scale permeability estimates 392

12.2.1 Constraints from first-order calculations 393

12.2.2 A permeability-depth curve

based on metamorphic data 394

12.2.3 Implications for the brittle-ductile transition 398

12.2.4 Implications for fault behavior 399

12.3 Heat and solute transport during metamorphism 401

12.4 A model of crustal-scale hydrology 403

12.5 Metamorphic environments 404

12.5.1 Contact metamorphism 405

12.5.2 Regional-contact metamorphism (magmatic arcs) 407

12.5.3 Regional metamorphism (continent-continent collision) 409

12.5.4 High-pressure metamorphic belts (subduction zones) 409

13 Subsea hydrogeology 412

13.1 Subsea versus subaerial hydrogeology 413

13.2 Subsea permeability structure 415

13.3 Density-driven subsea flow 418

13.4 Hydrothermal circulation near the mid-ocean ridge 420

13.4.1 Importance to the Earth's thermal budget 423

13.4.2 Influence on ocean chemistry 424

13.4.3 Properties of H[subscript 2]O-NaCl fluids 425

13.4.4 Quantitative description of MOR systems 428

13.5 Off-axis circulation and the role of seamounts 431

13.6 Gas hydrates 432

13.7 Accretionary prisms and subduction zones 434

13.8 Nearshore hydrogeology 440

13.8.1 Dolomitization of carbonate platforms 441

13.8.2 Mixing-zone dissolution in carbonate platforms 445

13.8.3 Offshore groundwater flow and heat transport 449

13.9 Subduction, metamorphism, and the world ocean 451.

Notes:

Previous ed.: 1998.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Cornelia Dodderer Fund.

ISBN:

0521603218

OCLC:

62760946

Publisher Number:

9780521603218