Criminology : theories, patterns, and typologies / Larry J. Siegel.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Siegel, Larry J., 1947-

Contributor:

Lipman Criminology Library Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Criminology.

Crime--United States.

Crime.

United States.

Physical Description:

xx, 556 pages : illustrations (chiefly color), color map ; 29 cm

Edition:

Ninth edition.

Place of Publication:

Belmont, CA : Thomson/Wadsworth, [2007]

Summary:

From cyber crime to street crime, murder, and terrorism, you'll read about them all in this nationally acclaimed best seller. Author Larry Siegel guides you through the fast-paced field of criminology, its most current research, and the fascinating examples that help you understand criminological theory and criminal justice policy. Along the way you'll find the newest information, court cases, and topics, including hundreds of new references to keep you at the cutting edge of the field. The author also includes "Thinking Like a Criminologist" scenarios, critical-thinking tools, and other resources in every chapter to help you apply the concepts you read about and study more effectively for exams.

Contents:

Part 1 Concepts of Crime, Law, and Criminology 1

Chapter 1 Crime and Criminology 2

What Is Criminology? 4

Criminology and Criminal Justice 4

Criminology and Deviance 5

Becoming Deviant 5

A Brief History of Criminology 6

Classical Criminology 7

Nineteenth-Century Positivism 7

The Foundations of Sociological Criminology 9

The Development of Sociological Criminology 9

The Development of Social Process Theories 10

The Roots of Conflict Criminology 10

Contemporary Criminology 10

What Criminologists Do: The Criminological Enterprise 11

Criminal Statistics 11

The Sociology of Law 12

Theory Construction 12

Criminal Behavior Systems 13

Penology 13

Victimology 13

Comparative Criminology: International Crime Trends 14

How Criminologists View Crime 14

The Consensus View of Crime 15

The Conflict View of Crime 16

The Interactionist View of Crime 16

Defining Crime 18

Crime and the Criminal Law 18

Common Law 18

Contemporary Criminal Law 19

The Evolution of Criminal Law 20

Ethical Issues in Criminology 21

The Criminological Enterprise: The Elements of Criminal Law 22

Chapter 2 The Nature and Extent of Crime 28

Primary Sources of Crime Data 30

Official Record Research 30

Survey Research 33

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) 35

Evaluating Primary Crime Data Sources 36

Secondary Sources of Crime Data 36

Cohort Research 36

Experimental Research 37

Observational and Interview Research 37

Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review 38

Data Mining 38

Crime Mapping 38

Crime Trends 38

Trends in Violent Crime 39

Trends in Property Crime 39

The Criminological Enterprise: Explaining Crime Trends 40

Trends in Victimization Data (NCVS Findings) 43

Trends in Self-Reporting 43

What the Future Holds 44

Crime Patterns 45

The Ecology of Crime 45

Use of Firearms 47

Social Class, Socioeconomic Conditions, and Crime 47

Policy and Practice in Criminology: Should Guns Be Controlled? 48

Age and Crime 51

Gender and Crime 52

Race and Crime 54

Chronic Offenders/Criminal Careers 56

Chapter 3 Victims and Victimization 66

Problems of Crime Victims 68

Economic Loss 68

System Abuse 68

Long-Term Stress 68

Fear 69

The Criminological Enterprise: Adolescent Victims of Violence 70

Antisocial Behavior 71

The Nature of Victimization 71

The Social Ecology of Victimization 72

The Victim's Household 72

Victim Characteristics 72

Victims and Their Criminals 74

Theories of Victimization 75

Victim Precipitation Theory 75

Lifestyle Theory 75

The Criminological Enterprise: Rape on Campus: Lifestyle and Risk 76

Deviant Place Theory 77

Routine Activities Theory 78

The Criminological Enterprise: Crime and Everyday Life 80

Caring for the Victim 81

The Government's Response 81

Victim Service Programs 82

Victims' Rights 83

Comparative Criminology: Victims' Rights in Europe 84

Victim Advocacy 84

Self-Protection 85

Community Organization 86

Part 2 Theories of Crime Causation 93

Chapter 4 Choice Theories 94

The Development of Rational Choice Theory 96

The Classical Theory of Crime 96

Choice Theory Emerges 97

The Concepts of Rational Choice 98

Offense- and Offender-Specific Crimes 98

Structuring Criminality 99

Structuring Crime 100

Is Crime Rational? 102

Is Theft Rational? 102

Is Drug Use Rational? 102

Is Violence Rational? 102

The Criminological Enterprise: Hector Vega: A Life in the Drug Trade 103

Eliminating Crime 105

Situational Crime Prevention 105

Comparative Criminology: CCTV or Not CCTV? Comparing Situational Crime Prevention Efforts in Great Britain and the United States 109

General Deterrence 110

The Criminological Enterprise: Does Capital Punishment Deter Murder? 114

Specific Deterrence 114

Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology: Deterring Domestic Violence 116

Incapacitation 118

Public Policy Implications of Choice Theory 120

Just Desert 120

Chapter 5 Trait Theories 130

Foundations of Trait Theory 132

Impact of Sociobiology 132

Modern Trait Theories 133

Biosocial Trait Theories 134

Biochemical Conditions and Crime 135

Comparative Criminology: Diet and Crime: An International Perspective 136

Neurophysiological Conditions and Crime 140

Arousal Theory 142

Genetics and Crime 143

Evolutionary Theory 146

Evaluation of the Biosocial Branch of Trait Theory 147

Psychological Trait Theories 148

Psychodynamic Theory 149

Behavioral Theory 152

Cognitive Theory 153

The Criminological Enterprise: The Media and Violence 154

Psychological Traits and Characteristics 157

Personality and Crime 157

Intelligence and Crime 159

The Criminological Enterprise: The Antisocial Personality 160

Public Policy Implications of Trait Theory 163

Chapter 6 Social Structure Theories 174

Socioeconomic Structure and Crime 176

Child Poverty 177

The Underclass 178

Minority Group Poverty 178

Social Structure Theories 179

Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology: Bridging the Racial Divide 180

Social Disorganization Theories 180

Foundations of Social Disorganization Theory 182

The Social Ecology School 184

The Criminological Enterprise: Random Family 186

Strain Theories 190

The Concept of Anomie 191

Merton's Theory of Anomie 192

Structural Level Strain: Institutional Anomie Theory 193

Individual Level Strain: General Strain Theory 194

Sources of Strain 196

Coping with Strain 197

Evaluating GST 197

Cultural Deviance Theories 198

Conduct Norms 198

Focal Concerns 199

Theory of Delinquent Subcultures 199

Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology: The Code of the Streets 201

Theory of Differential Opportunity 202

Evaluating Social Structure Theories 203

Public Policy Implications of Social Structure Theory 204

Chapter 7 Social Process Theories 212

Socialization and Crime 214

Family Relations 214

Educational Experience 216

Peer Relations 217

Policy and Practice in Criminology: Keeping Kids in School: The Communities In Schools Program 218

Institutional Involvement and Belief 220

The Effects of Socialization on Crime 221

Social Learning Theory 221

Differential Association Theory 222

Differential Reinforcement Theory 225

Neutralization Theory 226

Are Learning Theories Valid? 228

Social Control Theory 228

Self-Concept and Crime 228

Hirschi's Social Bond Theory 229

Social Reaction Theory 232

Crime and Labeling Theory 234

Differential Enforcement 234

Becoming Labeled 234

Consequences of Labeling 253

Primary and Secondary Deviance 236

Research on Social Reaction Theory 236

Is Labeling Theory Valid? 237

Evaluating Social Process Theories 238

Public Policy Implications of Social Process Theory 238

Policy and Practice in Criminology: Head Start 240

Chapter 8 Social Conflict Theories: Critical Criminology and Restorative Justice 250

Marxist Thought 253

Productive Forces and Productive Relations 253

Surplus Value 254

Marx on Crime 255

Developing a Conflict-Based Theory of Crime 256

The Contribution of Willem Bonger 256

The Contribution of Ralf Dahrendorf 256

The Contribution of George Vold 257

Social Conflict Theory 257

Social Conflict Research 258

Critical Criminology 259

Fundamentals of Critical Criminology 260

Instrumental versus Structural Theory 261

Research on Critical Criminology 262

Critique of Critical Criminology 263

Contemporary Forms of Critical Theory 263

Left Realism 264

Critical Feminist Theory 264

Power-Control Theory 266

Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology: Capitalism and Patriarchy 267

Postmodern Theory 268

Peacemaking Theory 268

Public Policy Implications of Social Conflict Theory: Restorative Justice 269

Reintegrative Shaming 270

The Concept of Restorative

Justice 270

The Process of Restoration 271

The Challenge of Restorative Justice 273

Comparative Criminology: Practicing Restorative Justice Abroad 274

Chapter 9 Developmental Theories: Life Course and Latent Trait 282

Foundations of Developmental Theory 284

Life Course Fundamentals 286

Problem Behavior Syndrome 287

Pathways to Crime 287

Age of Onset/Continuity of Crime 289

The Criminological Enterprise: Desisting from Crime 290

Adolescent-Limiteds and Life Course Persisters 290

Theories of the Criminal Life Course 292

Sampson and Laub: Age-Graded Theory 293

Latent Trait Fundamentals 296

Crime and Human Nature 297

General Theory of Crime 297

The Criminological Enterprise: Shared Beginnings, Divergent Lives 298

Evaluating Developmental Theories 305

Policy and Practice in Criminology: The Fast Track Project 307

Public Policy Implications of Developmental Theory 307

Part 3 Crime Typologies 317

Chapter 10 Violent Crime 318

The Causes of Violence 320

Psychological Abnormality 320

Evolutionary Factors/Human Instinct 321

Substance Abuse 321

Socialization and Upbringing 321

Exposure to Violence 323

Cultural Values/Subculture of Violence 323

Forcible Rape 324

The Criminological Enterprise: Violent Land 325

History of Rape 326

Rape and the Military 326

Incidence of Rape 326

Types of Rape and Rapists 327

The Causes of Rape 329

Rape and the Law 330

The Criminological Enterprise: Masculinity and Sexual Violence among the Urban Poor 331

Murder and Homicide 332

Degrees of Murder 333

The Nature and Extent of Murder 333

Murderous Relations 334

Serial Murder 336

Mass Murder 337

Assault and Battery 338

The Nature and Extent of Assault 338

Assault in the Home 339

Robbery 341

Acquaintance Robbery 342

Rational Robbery 343

Emerging Forms of Interpersonal Violence 343

Hate Crimes 343

The Criminological Enterprise: Armed Robbers in Action 344

Workplace Violence 347

Stalking 348

Terrorism 349

What Is Terrorism? 349

A Brief History of Terrorism 349

Contemporary Forms of Terrorism 350

Comparative Criminology: Transnational Terrorism in the New Millennium 352

What Motivates Terrorists? 353

Responses to Terrorism 354

Chapter 11 Property Crime 366

A Brief History of Theft 368

Modern Thieves 369

Occasional Criminals 369

Professional Criminals 370

Sutherland's Professional Criminal 371

The Professional Fence 371

The Criminological Enterprise: Transforming Theft: Train Robbers and Safecrackers 372

The Nonprofessional Fence 373

Larceny/Theft 374

Larceny Today 374

Shoplifting 375

Bad Checks 376

Credit Card Theft 377

Auto Theft 377

The Criminological Enterprise: Credit Card Fraud 378

False Pretenses or Fraud 380

Confidence Games 381

Embezzlement 382

Burglary 382

The Nature and Extent of Burglary 382

Residential Burglary 383

Commercial Burglary 383

Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology: Are There Gender Differences in Burglary? 384

Careers in Burglary 385

Arson 386

The Criminological Enterprise: What Motivates Juvenile Fire Setters? 388

Chapter 12 Enterprise Crime: White-Collar and Organized Crime 394

Enterprise Crime 396

Crimes of Business Enterprise 396

White-Collar Crime 396

Redefining White-Collar Crime 396

Components of White-Collar Crime 397

Stings and Swindles 397

Chiseling 398

Individual Exploitation of an Institutional Position 399

Influence Peddling and Bribery 400

Embezzlement and Employee Fraud 401

The Criminological Enterprise: Tyco, Enron, and WorldCom: Enterprise Crime at the Highest Levels 402

Client Fraud 404

Corporate Crime 405

Causes of White-Collar Crime 408

Greedy or Needy? 408

Theories of White-Collar Crime 408

Rationalization/Neutralization View 408

Comparative Criminology: Snakes and Ladders: Confronting White-Collar Crime in Britain 409

Corporate Culture View 410

Self-Control View 410

White-Collar Law Enforcement Systems 410

Controlling White-Collar Crime 411

Is the Tide Turning? 412

Organized Crime 413

Characteristics of Organized Crime 413

Activities of Organized Crime 413

The Concept of Organized Crime 414

Alien Conspiracy Theory 414

Contemporary Organized Crime Groups 415

The Evolution of Organized Crime 415

Comparative Criminology: Russian Organized Crime 416

Controlling Organized Crime 416

The Future of Organized Crime 417

Chapter 13 Public Order Crime 424

Law and Morality 426

Debating Morality 426

Social Harm 428

Moral Crusaders 428

Homosexuality 429

Attitudes toward Homosexuality 429

Homosexuality and the Law 430

Is the Tide Turning? 430

Paraphilias 430

Prostitution 431

Comparative Criminology: The Natasha Trade: International Trafficking in Prostitution 432

Incidence of Prostitution 432

International Sex Trade 432

Types of Prostitutes 433

Becoming a Prostitute 435

Controlling Prostitution 436

Legalize Prostitution? 436

Pornography 437

Child Pornography 437

Does Pornography Cause Violence? 438

Pornography and the Law 438

Controlling Pornography 439

Technological Change 439

Substance Abuse 440

When Did Drug Use Begin? 441

Alcohol and Its Prohibition 441

The Extent of Substance Abuse 441

AIDS and Drug Use 445

What Causes Substance Abuse? 446

Is There a Drug Gateway? 447

Types of Drug Users 447

Drugs and Crime 449

Drugs and the Law 450

Drug Control Strategies 451

Policy and Practice in Criminology: Drug Abuse Resistance Education 454

Drug Legalization 456

Chapter 14 Cyber Crime and Technology 466

Cyber Theft: Cyber Crimes for Profit 468

Computer Fraud 468

Distributing Illegal Sexual Material 469

Denial of Service Attack 470

Illegal Copyright Infringement 471

Internet Securities Fraud 472

Identity Theft 473

E-Tailing Fraud 474

Cyber Vandalism: Cyber Crime with Malicious Intent 474

Worms, Viruses, Trojan Horses, Logic Bombs, and Spam 475

Web Defacement 476

Cyber Stalking 477

Cyber Spying 477

Cyber Terrorism: Cyber Crime with Political Motives 478

Why Terrorism in Cyber Space? 478

Cyber Attacks 478

Is Cyber Terrorism a Real Threat? 479

The Extent and Costs of Cyber Crime 480

Controlling Cyber Crime 481

Cyber Crime Enforcement Agencies 482

Local Enforcement Efforts 482

Controlling Crime Using Information Technology 482

Law Enforcement Technology 482

Policy and Practice in Criminology: Crime Scene Investigation Goes High Tech 486

Policy and Practice in Criminology: Biometric Technology 488

Court Technology 489

Corrections Technology 491

Information Technology, Crime, and Civil Liberties 492.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and indexes.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Lipman Criminology Library Fund.

ISBN:

049500572X

OCLC:

65182422

Publisher Number:

9780495005728