Principles of nano-optics / Lukas Novotny, Bert Hecht.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Novotny, Lukas.

Contributor:

Hecht, Bert, 1968-

Anne and Joseph Trachtman Memorial Book Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Nanostructured materials.

Near-field microscopy.

Quantum optics.

Photonics.

Physical Description:

xvii, 539 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm

Place of Publication:

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Summary:

Nano-optics is the study of optical phenomena and techniques on the nanometer scale, that is, near or beyond the diffraction limit of light. It is an emerging field of study, motivated by the rapid advance of nanoscience and nanotechnology, which require adequate tools and strategies for fabrication, manipulation, and characterization at this scale.

In Principles of Nano-Optics the authors provide a comprehensive overview of the theoretical and experimental concepts necessary to understand and work in nano-optics. With a very broad perspective, they cover optical phenomena relevant to the nanoscale across diverse areas ranging from quantum optics to biophysics, introducing and describing all of the significant methods extensively.

This is the first textbook specifically on nano-optics. Written for graduate students who want to enter the field, it includes problem sets to reinforce and extend the discussion. It is also a valuable reference for researchers and course teachers.

Contents:

1.1 Nano-optics in a nutshell 3

1.2 Historical survey 5

1.3 Scope of the book 7

2 Theoretical foundations 13

2.1 Macroscopic electrodynamics 14

2.2 Wave equations 15

2.3 Constitutive relations 15

2.4 Spectral representation of time-dependent fields 17

2.5 Time-harmonic fields 17

2.6 Complex dielectric constant 18

2.7 Piecewise homogeneous media 19

2.8 Boundary conditions 19

2.8.1 Fresnel reflection and transmission coefficients 21

2.9 Conservation of energy 23

2.10 Dyadic Green's functions 25

2.10.1 Mathematical basis of Green's functions 25

2.10.2 Derivation of the Green's function for the electric field 26

2.10.3 Time-dependent Green's functions 30

2.11 Evanescent fields 31

2.11.1 Energy transport by evanescent waves 35

2.11.2 Frustrated total internal reflection 36

2.12 Angular spectrum representation of optical fields 38

2.12.1 Angular spectrum representation of the dipole field 42

3 Propagation and focusing of optical fields 45

3.1 Field propagators 45

3.2 Paraxial approximation of optical fields 47

3.2.1 Gaussian laser beams 47

3.2.2 Higher-order laser modes 50

3.2.3 Longitudinal fields in the focal region 50

3.3 Polarized electric and polarized magnetic fields 53

3.4 Far-fields in the angular spectrum representation 54

3.5 Focusing of fields 56

3.6 Focal fields 61

3.7 Focusing of higher-order laser modes 66

3.8 Limit of weak focusing 71

3.9 Focusing near planar interfaces 73

3.10 Reflected image of a strongly focused spot 78

4 Spatial resolution and position accuracy 89

4.1 The point-spread function 89

4.2 The resolution limit(s) 95

4.2.1 Increasing resolution through selective excitation 98

4.2.2 Axial resolution 100

4.2.3 Resolution enhancement through saturation 102

4.3 Principles of confocal microscopy 105

4.4 Axial resolution in multiphoton microscopy 110

4.5 Position accuracy 111

4.5.1 Theoretical background 112

4.5.2 Estimating the uncertainties of fit parameters 115

4.6 Principles of near-field optical microscopy 121

4.6.1 Information transfer from near-field to far-field 125

5 Nanoscale optical microscopy 134

5.1 Far-field illumination and detection 134

5.1.1 Confocal microscopy 134

5.2 Near-field illumination and far-field detection 147

5.2.1 Aperture scanning near-field optical microscopy 148

5.2.2 Field-enhanced scanning near-field optical microscopy 149

5.3 Far-field illumination and near-field detection 157

5.3.1 Scanning tunneling optical microscopy 157

5.3.2 Collection mode near-field optical microscopy 162

5.4 Near-field illumination and near-field detection 163

5.5 Other configurations: energy-transfer microscopy 165

6 Near-field optical probes 173

6.1 Dielectric probes 173

6.1.1 Tapered optical fibers 174

6.1.2 Tetrahedral tips 179

6.2 Light propagation in a conical dielectric probe 179

6.3 Aperture probes 182

6.3.1 Power transmission through aperture probes 184

6.3.2 Field distribution near small apertures 189

6.3.3 Near-field distribution of aperture probes 193

6.3.4 Enhancement of transmission and directionality 195

6.4 Fabrication of aperture probes 197

6.4.1 Aperture formation by focused ion beam milling 200

6.4.2 Electrochemical opening and closing of apertures 201

6.4.3 Aperture punching 202

6.4.4 Microfabricated probes 203

6.5 Optical antennas: tips, scatterers, and bowties 208

6.5.1 Solid metal tips 208

6.5.2 Particle-plasmon probes 215

6.5.3 Bowtie antenna probes 218

7 Probe-sample distance control 225

7.1 Shear-force methods 226

7.1.1 Optical fibers as resonating beams 227

7.1.2 Tuning-fork sensors 230

7.1.3 The effective harmonic oscillator model 232

7.1.4 Response time 234

7.1.5 Equivalent electric circuit 236

7.2 Normal force methods 238

7.2.1 Tuning fork in tapping mode 239

7.2.2 Bent fiber probes 240

7.3 Topographic artifacts 240

7.3.1 Phenomenological theory of artifacts 243

7.3.2 Example of near-field artifacts 245

8 Light emission and optical interactions in nanoscale environments 250

8.1 The multipole expansion 251

8.2 The classical particle-field Hamiltonian 255

8.2.1 Multipole expansion of the interaction Hamiltonian 258

8.3 The radiating electric dipole 260

8.3.1 Electric dipole fields in a homogeneous space 261

8.3.2 Dipole radiation 265

8.3.3 Rate of energy dissipation in inhomogeneous environments 266

8.3.4 Radiation reaction 268

8.4 Spontaneous decay 269

8.4.1 QED of spontaneous decay 270

8.4.2 Spontaneous decay and Green's dyadics 273

8.4.3 Local density of states 276

8.5 Classical lifetimes and decay rates 277

8.5.1 Homogeneous environment 277

8.5.2 Inhomogeneous environment 281

8.5.3 Frequency shifts 282

8.5.4 Quantum yield 283

8.6 Dipole-dipole interactions and energy transfer 284

8.6.1 Multipole expansion of the Coulombic interaction 284

8.6.2 Energy transfer between two particles 285

8.7 Delocalized excitations (strong coupling) 294

8.7.1 Entanglement 299

9 Quantum emitters 304

9.1 Fluorescent molecules 304

9.1.1 Excitation 305

9.1.2 Relaxation 306

9.2 Semiconductor quantum dots 309

9.2.1 Surface passivation 310

9.2.2 Excitation 312

9.2.3 Coherent control of excitons 313

9.3 The absorption cross-section 315

9.4 Single-photon emission by three-level systems 318

9.4.1 Steady-state analysis 319

9.4.2 Time-dependent analysis 320

9.5 Single molecules as probes for localized fields 325

9.5.1 Field distribution in a laser focus 327

9.5.2 Probing strongly localized fields 329

10 Dipole emission near planar interfaces 335

10.1 Allowed and forbidden light 336

10.2 Angular spectrum representation of the dyadic Green's function 338

10.3 Decomposition of the dyadic Green's function 339

10.4 Dyadic Green's functions for the reflected and transmitted fields 340

10.5 Spontaneous decay rates near planar interfaces 343

10.6 Far-fields 346

10.7 Radiation patterns 350

10.8 Where is the radiation going? 353

10.9 Magnetic dipoles 356

10.10 Image dipole approximation 357

10.10.1 Vertical dipole 358

10.10.2 Horizontal dipole 359

10.10.3 Including retardation 359

11 Photonic crystals and resonators 363

11.1 Photonic crystals 363

11.1.1 The photonic bandgap 364

11.1.2 Defects in photonic crystals 368

11.2 Optical microcavities 370

12 Surface plasmons 378

12.1 Optical properties of noble metals 379

12.1.1 Drude-Sommerfeld theory 380

12.1.2 Interband transitions 381

12.2 Surface plasmon polaritons at plane interfaces 382

12.2.1 Properties of surface plasmon polaritons 386

12.2.2 Excitation of surface plasmon polaritons 387

12.2.3 Surface plasmon sensors 392

12.3 Surface plasmons in nano-optics 393

12.3.1 Plasmons supported by wires and particles 398

12.3.2 Plasmon resonances of more complex structures 407

12.3.3 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering 410

13 Forces in confined fields 419

13.1 Maxwell's stress tensor 420

13.2 Radiation pressure 423

13.3 The dipole approximation 424

13.3.1 Time-averaged force 426

13.3.2 Monochromatic fields 427

13.3.3 Saturation behavior for near-resonance excitation 429

13.3.4 Beyond the dipole approximation 432

13.4 Optical tweezers 433

13.5 Angular momentum and torque 436

13.6 Forces in optical near-fields 437

14 Fluctuation-induced interactions 446

14.1 The fluctuation-dissipation theorem 446

14.1.1 The system response function 448

14.1.2 Johnson noise 452

14.1.3 Dissipation due to fluctuating external fields 454

14.1.4 Normal and antinormal ordering 455

14.2 Emission by fluctuating sources 456

14.2.1 Blackbody radiation 458

14.2.2 Coherence, spectral shifts and heat transfer 459

14.3 Fluctuation-induced forces 461

14.3.1 The Casimir-Polder potential 463

14.3.2 Electromagnetic friction 467

15 Theoretical methods in nano-optics 475

15.1 The multiple multipole method 476

15.2 Volume integral methods 483

15.2.1 The volume integral equation 484

15.2.2 The method of moments (MOM) 490

15.2.3 The coupled dipole method (CDM) 490

15.2.4 Equivalence of the MOM and the CDM 492

15.3 Effective polarizability 494

15.4 The total Green's function 495

15.5 Conclusion and outlook 496

Appendix A Semianalytical derivation of the atomic polarizability 500

A.1 Steady-state polarizability for weak excitation fields 504

A.2 Near-resonance excitation in absence of damping 506

A.3 Near-resonance excitation with damping 508

Appendix B Spontaneous emission in the weak coupling regime 510

B.1 Weisskopf-Wigner theory 510

B.2 Inhomogeneous environments 512

Appendix C Fields of a dipole near a layered substrate 515

C.1 Vertical electric dipole 515

C.2 Horizontal electric dipole 516

C.3 Definition of the coefficients A[subscript j], B[subscript j], and C[subscript j] 519

Appendix D Far-field Green's functions 521.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Anne and Joseph Trachtman Memorial Book Fund.

ISBN:

0521832241

OCLC:

62475343

Publisher Number:

9780521832243