Cannabis dependence : its nature, consequences, and treatment / edited by Roger A. Roffman, Robert S. Stephens ; foreword by G. Alan Marlatt.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Roffman, Roger A., 1942-

Stephens, Robert S.

Series:

International research monographs in the addictions

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Marijuana abuse.

Marijuana Abuse.

Medical Subjects:

Marijuana Abuse.

Physical Description:

xxx, 371 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

Cambridge, UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Contents:

Part I The Nature of Cannabis Dependence

1 Themes in the History of Cannabis Dependence / Roger A. Roffman, Sam Schwartz, Robert S. Stephens

Diversity of Cannabis Preparations 4

The Influence of Tales, Legend, Myth, and Lore 5

Memoirs and Writings of Key Literary Figures and Artists 7

Commissions of Inquiry Concerning Cannabis Dependence 7

The 1925 Panama Canal Zone Report 9

The 1929 Preliminary Report on Indian Hemp and Peyote issued by US Surgeon General Hugh S. Cummings 9

The 1944 LaGuardia Committee Report ("The Marihuana Problem in the City of New York") 10

The 1972 Report of the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse 13

Understanding Cannabis Dependence and Withdrawal by Studying Cannabinoid Neurochemistry 14

Specifying Cannabis Dependence through Classification and Diagnosis 15

Determining the Prevalence of Cannabis Dependence through Epidemiological Research 16

Addressing the Need for Cannabis Dependence Interventions 17

A Closing Note 18

2 The Diagnosis of Cannabis Dependence / Thomas F. Babor

Nature of the Syndrome 21

Classification 22

Diagnosis 24

ICD-10 25

DSM-IV 25

Evidence for Cannabis Dependence, Including Tolerance and Withdrawal 27

Etiology, Course and Natural History 30

Measurement of Cannabis Dependence 31

3 Understanding the Pharmacology and Physiology of Cannabis Dependence / Aron H. Lichtman, Billy R. Martin

Basic Neuropharmacology of Cannabis Effects and the Existence of an Endocannabinoid System 37

Characterization of Cannabis Dependence 38

Clinical Significance of Cannabis Withdrawal Symptoms 39

Abrupt Cannabinoid Withdrawal in Laboratory Animals 41

Precipitated Cannabinoid Withdrawal in Cannabinoid-Dependent Animals 41

Cannabinoid Self-Administration 44

Neurochemical Mechanisms Underlying Cannabis Dependence 45

CB[subscript 1] Cannabinoid Receptor Mechanisms of Action 45

Neuroadaptive Changes Underlying Cannabinoid Dependence 46

Interrelationships with Other Neurochemical Systems 47

Reciprocal Roles of the Cannabinoid and Opioid Systems in Dependence 48

Cannabinoid Systems Modulate Opioid Dependence 48

Opioid Systems Modulate Cannabinoid Dependence 49

Implications of Animal Studies for Understanding Human Dependence 50

4 The Epidemiology of Cannabis Dependence / James C. Anthony

Epidemiology's Contribution to Nosological Studies of Cannabis Dependence 59

How Many Are Becoming Affected, with Focus on the USA? 64

Where Are We More or Less Likely to Find Cases of Cannabis Dependence? 69

Variation In Relation to Geography and Geopolitical Location 70

Variation In Relation to Time 73

Variation In Relation to Characteristics of Individuals: Sociodemographics 76

Variation In Relation to Other Characteristics of Individuals 77

Variation In Relation to Socially Shared Characteristics of Individuals or Environments 79

Why Do Some People Become Cannabis Dependent When Others Do Not? 80

A History of Other Forms of Drug Dependence 81

ASP Disorder 83

Primary Socialization Theory 83

Religion, Religiosity, Spirituality 84

Parents and Parenting 85

Family History and Genetics 85

Directions for New Research 87

Mechanisms: Pathogenesis, Natural History, and Consequences of Cannabis Dependence 87

Early Stages 88

Natural History In Relation to Clinical Features 89

Consequences 90

Fetal Exposure 93

Prevention, Intervention, Amelioration, and Control 93

Future Directions 94

5 The Adverse Health and Psychological Consequences of Cannabis Dependence / Wayne Hall, Nadia Solowij

Assessing Health Effects of Chronic Cannabis Use 106

The Respiratory Risks of Cannabis Smoking 107

Chronic Cannabis Use and Respiratory Cancers 108

Chronic Cannabis Use and Brain Function 110

Chronic Cannabis Use and Cognitive Impairment 111

Accidental Injury and Chronic Cannabis Use 114

Cardiovascular Effects 115

Special Populations of Cannabis-Dependent Persons 116

The Educational Consequences of Adolescent Cannabis Dependence 116

The Gateway Hypothesis 117

Psychosis and Schizophrenia 119

Part II Interventions with Cannabis-Dependent Adults

6 Cognitive-Behavioral and Motivational Enhancement Treatments for Cannabis Dependence / Robert S. Stephens, Roger A. Roffman, Jan Copeland, Wendy Swift

MET Principles and Techniques 133

CBT Principles and Techniques 136

Combining MET and CBT Approaches 138

Group versus Individual Treatment 139

Issues in the Treatment of Cannabis Dependence 140

Review of Treatment-Outcome Studies 142

Mechanisms of Change 146

7 Contingency-Management Interventions for Cannabis Dependence / Alan J. Budney, Brent A. Moore, Stacey C. Sigmon, Stephen T. Higgins

Conceptual Framework 155

Efficacy of CM 156

Principles of Application 157

Effective Implementation 159

Initial Treatment Study for a CM Voucher Program for Cannabis Dependence 161

Study Design 161

Treatments 162

Results 164

Using CM to Engage Probation-Referred Marijuana Abusers in Treatment 166

Cannabis as a Secondary Drug of Abuse 167

Cannabis Abuse among Cocaine Abusers 167

Cannabis Abuse in the Methadone Clinic 168

Cannabis Use in Individuals with Severe Psychiatric Illness 169

CM in the Treatment of Adolescent Marijuana Abusers 170

8 The Marijuana Check-Up / Robert S. Stephens, Roger A. Roffman

Implementing a MCU 180

Marketing the MCU 180

The Assessment and Personal Feedback Report 183

Motivational Interviewing 186

Clinical and Ethical Issues 187

A Controlled Trial of the MCU 190

Conclusions and Future Directions 199

9 Guided Self-Change: A Brief Motivational Intervention for Cannabis Abuse / Linda C. Sobell, Mark B. Sobell, Eric F. Wagner, Sangeeta Agrawal, Timothy P. Ellingstad

Prevalence 204

GSC Treatment 205

Background and Development of the Approach 205

Major Principles and Techniques of GSC 206

Applying GSC Treatment to Cannabis Users 208

A Controlled Treatment Trial Using GSC with Cannabis Users 211

Assessment 212

Treatment Description for Individual and Group Treatment Formats 213

Within Treatment Data, Retention Rates, and Follow-up 214

Cannabis Abuser Characteristics at Pre-treatment 215

GSC Treatment Outcomes 215

10 Supportive-Expressive Psychotherapy for Cannabis Dependence / Brin F. S. Grenyer, Nadia Solowij

Empirical Bases 226

SE Psychotherapy Techniques 227

Supportive Techniques 228

Expressive Techniques 229

Identifying CCRTs 229

Dealing with Cognitive Deficits from Long-Term Use 230

Typical Sequencing of Treatment Components 231

Therapist Training 232

Studies of SE Psychotherapy with Cannabis Users 233

Illustrative Case Study 237

Conclusion and Future Directions 239

Part III Interventions with Cannabis-Dependent Adolescents and Young Adults

11 The Cannabis Youth Treatment Study: The Treatment Models and Preliminary Findings / Guy Diamond, Jodi Leckrone, Michael L. Dennis, Susan H. Godley

Description of the Interventions 249

MET/CBT5 (Sampl & Kadden, 2001) 249

MET/CBT12 (Webb et al., 2002b) 251

FSN plus MET/CBT12 (Hamilton et al., 2001) 252

ACRA (Godley et al., 2001a) 253

MDFT (Liddle, 2002) 255

Overview of CYT Study 258

Study Design 258

Analytic Procedure 259

Clinical Procedures 262

Results 263

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis 265

Therapist's Response to Manualized Treatment 266

12 The Teen Cannabis Check-up: Exploring Strategies for Reaching Young Cannabis Users / James P. Berghuis, Wendy Swift, Roger A. Roffman, Robert S.

Stephens, Jan Copeland

Epidemiology of Adolescent Cannabis Use 275

Negative Consequences of Adolescent Cannabis Use 276

Intervention Research with Adolescents 277

Developmental Issues in Designing Interventions for Adolescents 279

The Check-up: Tailoring an Intervention for Adolescent Cannabis Users 280

US and Australian Studies in Progress 282

Recruitment Approaches 283

Characteristics of Enrolled Teens 284

Outcomes 286

Perceptions of the Intervention 287

Issues in Implementing a Check-up Intervention 287

Working with Persons Concerned About an Adolescent 287

Marketing Strategies 288

Confidentiality and Consent 289

Coercion 289

Counselor Training and Quality Assurance 290

13 Engaging Young Probation-Referred Marijuana-Abusing Individuals in Treatment / Kathleen M. Carroll, Rajita Sinha, Caroline Easton

Why Target Young Adult Marijuana Users? 297

Why Target Marijuana Users Referred by the Legal System? 298

Why Evaluate a Motivational Enhancement Approach? 298

Why Evaluate a Contingency Management Approach? 300

Description of the Interventions 300

MET 300

MET and CM 301

Therapists and Training 302

Review of Study 304

Results 305

Conclusions and Future Directions 305

Part IV Policy

14 The Policy Implications of Cannabis Dependence / Wayne Hall, Wendy Swift

Key Features of the Epidemiology of Cannabis Use and Dependence 316

Does Cannabis Dependence Require a Policy Response? 316

Public Health System Responses to Cannabis Dependence 318

Public Health Policies for Cannabis 319

Public Education about Cannabis Dependence 320

Screening and Brief Intervention for Hazardous Cannabis Use 321

Specialist Treatment for Cannabis Dependence 322

Withdrawal Management 323

Dealing with Comorbid Substance Disorders 323

Dealing with Comorbid Mental Disorders 324

Responding to Adolescent Cannabis Dependence 325

Cannabis Dependence and the Cannabis Policy Debate 326

Dependence and Therapeutic Cannabinoid Use 326

Possible Effects of Changes in the Legal Status of Cannabis Use 327

Decriminalization of Cannabis Use 328

De Facto legalization of Cannabis Use 328

De Jure Legalization of Cannabis 329

15 The Nature, Consequences and Treatment of Cannabis Dependence: Implications for Future Research and Policy / Robert S. Stephens, Roger A. Roffman

What is the Nature of Cannabis Dependence? 343

What are the Consequences of Cannabis Dependence? 348

Is the Treatment of Cannabis Dependence Effective? 350

What Should the Policy on Cannabis Dependence be? 354.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

0521814472

OCLC:

62132876

Publisher Number:

9780521814478