Human developmental neurotoxicology / edited by David C. Bellinger.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Bellinger, David.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Neurotoxicology.

Nervous system--Diseases.

Nervous system.

Fetus--Diseases--Complications.

Fetus.

Newborn infants--Effect of drugs on.

Newborn infants.

Neurotoxic agents.

Neurotoxicity Syndromes--etiology.

Child Development--drug effects.

Embryonic and Fetal Development--drug effects.

Fetus--Diseases.

Medical Subjects:

Neurotoxicity Syndromes--etiology.

Child Development--drug effects.

Embryonic and Fetal Development--drug effects.

Physical Description:

xviii, 536 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm

Place of Publication:

New York : Taylor & Francis, 2006.

Summary:

This reference describes the most recent developments in the design, execution, and interpretation of human developmental neurotoxicology studies. Assessing critical issues and controversies in the field, this guide focuses on dose-response/effect relationships and explores challenges in the measurement of exposure to different types of chemicals, including selected metals, organic pollutants, pesticides, and recreational and therapeutic drugs. Exploring the most current methods of exposure identification and analysis, this source offers strategies to incorporate developmental neurotoxicity data into the risk assessment process...supplies techniques to enhance and strengthen exposure and endpoint testing and correctly approach data collection and utilization...compares animal and human endpoint assessments...discusses emerging issues such as endocrine disrupters and pesticides, and the application of neuroimaging techniques in neurotoxicological studies...and includes a survey of alternative statistical methods to derive 'points of departure' for the development of exposure standards.

Contents:

Section 1 Environmental Chemicals

1 Methylmercury: A Model Neurotoxicant and Risk Assessment Dilemma / Bernard Weiss 1

Mercury as an Environmental Poison 1

Anticipation of the Current Debate 3

Minamata and Iraq 3

The Current Scene 6

Other Complications 8

The Risk Equation and Effect Modification 9

Inorganic Mercury 11

Delayed Toxicity 13

Postnatal Exposures in Humans 16

Unresolved Issues 18

2 Developmental Neurotoxicity Associated with Dietary Exposure to Methylmercury from Seafood and Freshwater Fish / Philippe Grandjean, Sylvaine Cordier, Tord Kjellstrom 25

Prospective Study Designs and Settings 26

Cross-Sectional Studies 29

Exposure Assessment 32

Outcome Variables 34

Confounding Variables 36

Public Health Relevance 38

3 Effects of Developmental PCB Exposure on Neuropsychological Function in Epidemiological Studies: Issues and Research Needs / Deborah C. Rice 43

Identification of Types of Behavioral Deficits Produced by PCB Exposure 44

Choice of Congeners and Tissue Compartment as Determinants of Exposure 49

Determination of Effects of Multiple Chemicals in Addition to PCBs 51

Contribution of Postnatal Effects to Neurotoxicity 54

Determination of the Relationship between Exposure and Effect 57

Thyroid Hormones as a Potential Mediator of Neurotoxic Effects 58

Summary and Overall Conclusions 58

4 Lead Neurotoxicity in Children: Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs / David C. Bellinger 67

Selection of Exposure Biomarkers and Sources of Misclassification Errors 68

Selection of Critical Outcomes 71

Functional Form of the Concentration-Response/ Concentration-Effect Relationship 73

Reversibility 74

Effect Modification 75

5 Effects of Organic Solvents on Reproductive Outcome and Offspring Development / Christine Till, Gideon Koren, Joanne Rovet 83

Organic Solvents in the Central Nervous System 87

Fetal Vulnerability to Organic Solvents 88

Reproductive and Developmental Effects in Animals Following Prenatal Exposure to Organic Solvents 89

Reproductive and Developmental Effects Following Occupational Exposure to Organic Solvents 90

Organic Solvent Inhalant Abuse 96

Problems Studying Reproductive Hazards in Human Studies 97

Section 2 Medicinal and Recreational Substance Use

6 The Structural and Functional Teratology of Antiepileptic Medications / Jane Adams, Jennifer Anne Lantz Gavin, Patricia A. Janulewicz 103

Fundamentals of Teratology and Neurobehavioral Teratology 103

Research in the Early Years: The Role of Epilepsy as a Disease Contributing to Adverse Outcomes of Pregnancy 106

The Effects of Polytherapy Versus Monotherapy Treatments 107

The Teratogenic Effects of Monotherapy with Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, Carbamazepine, and Valproic Acid 116

Individualized Predictors of Susceptibility to Adverse Outcome that Can be Assessed During Pregnancy or at Birth 124

Future Research Needs 125

7 Chemotherapy Agents for Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia / Christine Mrakotsky, Deborah P. Waber 131

Pathophysiology and Prevalence of All 132

Evolution of Treatment Protocols 132

Chemotherapy Agents: Efficacy and Toxicity 133

Neuropsychological Sequelae of Treatment for All with Chemotherapy Only 135

Methodological Considerations, Limitations, Outstanding Issues and Data Needs 139

8 Prenatal Tobacco and Postnatal Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Children's Cognitive and Behavioral Functioning / Michael Weitzman, Todd A. Florin, Megan Kavanaugh 149

Characteristics of Women Associated with Maternal Smoking 150

Potential Pathway for Adverse Effects 151

Neurocognitive and Behavioral Outcomes Associated with Maternal Smoking 153

Research Implications 158

9 Lessons Learned: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Christie L. McGee, Susanna L. Fryer, Sarah N. Mattson 169

Methodology 170

Review of Neuropsychological Literature 173

Long-Term Consequences 181

10 Neurodevelopmental Sequelae of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure / Linda C. Mayes, Marjukka Pajulo 193

Models of Neurobehavioral Teratology 193

Prenatal Cocaine Exposure 197

Human Model of Prenatal Exposure 208

The Interaction of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and a Drug-Dependent Environment 211

Section 3 Exposure and Outcome Assessments

11 Immutable Elements-Variable Effects: Exposure Assessment for Neurotoxic Metals / Alan H. Stern 231

General Considerations for Metals 231

General Approaches to Exposure Assessment for Developmental Neurotoxic Metals 233

Application of Pharmacokinetic Models 237

Mercury as a Case Study 239

12 Studying the Relation Between Pesticide Exposure and Human Development / Dana B. Barr, Asa Bradman, Natalie Freeman, Robin M. Whyatt, Richard Y. Wang, Luke Naeher, Brenda Eskenazi 253

Toxicology 256

Human Studies on the Neurotoxic Effects of Pesticides in Children 258

Factors Affecting Fetal, Infant, and Early Childhood Exposure 266

Assessing Exposure to Neurotoxic Pesticides 269

Recommendations for Future Studies 275

13 Assessing In Utero Exposure to Cannabis and Cocaine / Gale A. Richardson, Marilyn A. Huestis, Nancy L. Day 287

Prevalence 287

Self-Report Methods 288

Biological Measures 291

Comparisons of Self-Report and Biological Markers 296

14 Neurobehavioral Test Batteries for Children / Diane S. Rohlman, W. Kent Anger 303

Identifying the Problem 303

Planning the Research Study 304

Methods Development 309

Quality Control 311

An Example: Developing a Test Battery for Preschool Children 312

Analyzing the Results 315

15 Role of Neuroimaging / Patricia A. Janulewicz, Roberta F. White, Carole Palumbo 321

Neuroimaging Techniques 322

Imaging in Developmental Neurotoxicology Research 325

Faroese Imaging Study 327

16 Early Life Environmental Exposures and Neurologic Outcomes in Adults / Marc G. Weisskopf, Robert O. Wright, Howard Hu 341

Critical Periods in Brain Development 342

Are Early Life Exposures Related to Adult Neurologic Outcomes? 344

Difficulties in Studying the Effect of Early Life Exposures on Adult Neurologic Outcomes 347

How Can the Effect of Early Life Exposures on Adult Neurologic Outcomes Best be Studied? 351

Section 4 Analysis and Interpretation

17 The Critical Concept of Control in Human Neurobehavioral Toxicology Studies: We Can, and Must, Do Better / Paul Stewart 361

Additional (Theoretical) Criteria for Covariates 372

18 Environmental Risk Assessment with Structural Equation Models / Esben Budtz-Jorgensen 379

The Faroese Mercury Study 380

The Standard Approach to Effect Estimation 381

Structural Equation Models 382

Estimation of Exposure Measurement Error 383

Effect Estimation in Structural Equation Models 385

The Benchmark Approach to Setting Safety Standards 387

Standard Application of the Benchmark Approach 388

Sophisticated Benchmark Analysis 389

19 Incorporating the Social-Ecological Perspective into Studies of Developmental Neurotoxicity / Virgina A. Rauh, Frederica Perera, Jennifer F. Culhane 393

The Confluence of Social and Chemical Risks 394

Interactions Between Social and Chemical Risks 402

20 Assessing the Neurobehavioral Effects of Early Toxicant Exposure: A Perspective from Animal Research / Barbara J. Strupp, Stephane A. Beaudin 415

Considerations in Task Selection and Design 416

Some Cautionary Notes 433

21 The Developmental Neurotoxicology of Chemicals Disrupting Thyroid Hormone Signaling / R. Thomas Zoeller 447

The EDSTAC Final Recommendation for Screening Anti-thyroid Activities 447

The HPT Negative Feedback System 449

Mechanism of Thyroid Hormone Action 449

Thyroid Hormone Exerts Time- and Dose-Dependent Effects on Brain Development 451

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) 452

Section 5 Developmental Neurotoxicity: Clinical Practice, Risk Assessment Ethics

22 Public Health Perspectives on Developmental Neurotoxicology / Jennifer S. Mammen, Lynn R.

Goldman 463

Public Health Burden of Developmental Disabilities/Learning Disabilities in Children 463

Assessment of Risk of Potential Developmental Neurotoxic Agents 464

Tracking Developmental Disabilities 476

Policy Issues 476

23 Research to Clinical Practice: A Pediatric Environmental Health Perspective / April A. Harper, Michael W. Shannon 483

The Role of Scientific Research in Clinical Practice 484

Specific Research Needs 485

24 Evaluating Neurotoxic Effects: Epidemiological, Epistemic, and Economic Issues / Herbert L. Needleman 499

The Growth of Understanding of Childhood Lead Toxicity 500

The Conundrum of Causality 500

Science, Universities, and the Market Place 504

25 Knowledge, Norms, and the Politics of Risk: Ethical Issues in Policy-Relevant Science / Virginia Ashby Sharpe 509

The Normative Context of Policy-Relevant Science 510

New Mandates in Policy-Relevant Science 514

Corporate Construction of Risk and Conflicts of Interest 516

Conflict-of-Interest Disclosure and the Right-to-Know 517

Community-Based Research 519.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

0824729889

OCLC:

62661818

Publisher Number:

9780824729882