Evaporites : sediments, resources and hydrocarbons / John K. Warren.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Warren, John K., 1951-

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Evaporites.

Organic geochemistry.

Physical Description:

xvi, 1035 pages : illustrations, maps ; 28 cm

Place of Publication:

Berlin : Springer, 2006.

Summary:

The monograph proffers a comprehensive discussion of the role of evaporites in hydrocarbon generation and trapping. For the first time, diverse knowledge on exploitable salts has been assembled and organized, along with a summary of evaporate karst hazards as well as a summary of exploitative methods and pitfalls in dealing with evaporites in conventional and solution mining. Written by a field specialist in research and exploration, the book presents a comprehensive synthesis of the low temperature realm of evaporite evolution. It is aimed for earth science professionals, sedimentologists, oil and gas explorers, mining geologists, as well as environmental geologists.

Contents:

Chapter 1 Interpreting evaporite texture 1

Evaporites defined?...[square] 2

Primary evaporites...& 5

Evaporitic carbonates 5

Primary evaporite salts 22

Secondary (diagenetic) evaporites 38

Intrasediment salts ... 38

Syndepositional karst in crusts 40

Shallow mineralogic re-equilibration 43

Evaporites as uplift indicators 51

Fibrous gypsum and halite (satinspar) 52

Saline clay authigenesis 54

Textural Synthesis... 56

Chapter 2 Depositional chemistry and hydrology 59

Quaternary climatic hydrology 59

Chemical evolution of surface and nearsurface brines 67

Marine brines...f 67

Nonmarine brines... 76

Separating marine from nonmarine 83

Indicators of brine parenthood 92

Seawater evolution 101

Hydrology is depositional style 112

Active phreatic/vadose regime 113

Salinity stratification and textures 126

Brine reflux drives substrate alteration 130

Can reflux really work? 136

Chapter 3 Sabkhas, saline mudflats and pans 139

What is a Sabkha?... 139

Marine coastal sabkhas 141

Carbonate-hosted coastal sabkhas in the southern Arabian Gulf 143

Siliciclastic-hosted coastal sabkhas, western and northern Arabian Gulf 159

Other coastal sabkhas 166

Interpretive limitations of models based on Holocene sabkhas 173

Lacustrine sabkhas and pans 176

Depositional characteristics 176

Styles of continental sabkhas 181

Eolian sabkhas... 211

Sea-margins with elongate eolian sabkhat 212

Sheets of eolian sabkhat 215

Salt pans (marshes) and diapirs 219

Chapter 4 Subaqueous salts: salinas and perennial lakes 221

Sea-margin subaqueous salts 222

Coastal salinas of Australia 222

Coastal salinas of the Middle East 231

South American coastal salinas 236

Continental subaqueous basins 238

Perennial saline lakes 238

Are all modern saline lakes shallow? 282

Chapter 5 Ancient basins and stratigraphic evolution 287

Linking present to past aridity 288

Varying extent of ancient evaporites 293

Building blocks of ancient salt beds 296

Evaporites: broad scale models 300

Importance of hydrographic isolation 332

Problems in correlation sans hydrology 335

Dolomite aprons in a drawdown basin 337

Sequence stratigraphy in evaporite basins? 340

Does sealevel control salt sequences? 342

Icehouse and greenhouse eustacy 343

Basinwide evaporites 347

Basinwide examples 351

Chapter 6 Salt tectonics 375

Physics of salt systems 376

Density, viscosity, strength & buoyancy 376

Pressure effects ... 382

Thermal effects ...n 384

Flow textures and rates 384

Triggers, drivers and outcomes of salt flow 389

Diapirs and extension 389

Diapirism and differential loading 391

Sedimentation rate controls diapir shape 394

Extension, falling diapirs and turtles 396

Falling diapirs and raft tectonics 396

Salt allochthons (salt breakout) 398

Sheets, welds and basal (subsalt) shear zones 401

Near-diapir suprasalt shear (drag zones) 404

Fault families in allochthons 410

Linking allochthons at the basin scale 413

Compressional salt tectonics 414

Shortening with gravity gliding 414

Thin-skinned fold and thrust belts 419

Inverted basins ... 422

Distinguishing downbuilt and reactivated (mildly squeezed) diapirs 428

Sediments and flowing salt 430

Sediments and evolving salt structures 432

Sediments tied to salt basin evolution 440

Subsalt sections ... 446

Caprock Formation (diagenesis) 447

Complications of shale diapirism 450

Chapter 7 Karst, breccia, nodules and cement: Pointers to vanished evaporites 455

Evaporite landforms ...[square] 458

Local scale karst ... 458

Regional scale karst 463

Salt Dissolution: Solution breccias and residues 472

Defining evaporite dissolution breccia 472

Bedded solution collapse breccias 474

Breccia extent ...[square] 478

Stratiform breccias 478

Diapiric solution breccias 481

Diapiric breccia versus salt ablation (retreat) breccia 485

Salt-cored thrust breccias, rauhwacke and orogeny 486

Partial salt dissolution: residues of less-soluble salts 493

Focused rapid dissolution - Evaporite clasts 493

Diffuse dissolution- Markers and residue beds 495

Dissolution at the bottom 498

Caves in salt karst ... 500

Gypsum caves ... 501

Halite Caves ... 509

Evaporite speleothems in carbonate karst 514

Karst hazards in evaporites 515

Problems in the Ripon area, UK 517

Problems with Miocene gypsum, Spain 519

Gypsum karst beneath Mosul, Iraq 520

Solving the problem? 521

Sulphuric acid speleogensis 521

Mineralised breccias 528

Filled vugs and nodules 531

Silicified evaporites 532

Calcitisation and dedolomitisation 539

Celestite as an indicator? 548

Fluorite as an indicator? 553

Baryte as an indicator? 555

Authigenic anhydrite as a burial salt 559

Enigmatic outlines in pseudomorphs 564

Chapter 8 Burial hydrology and chemistry 567

Burial hydrology ... 567

Fluids in subsiding sedimentary basins 569

Alteration, pressure cells and salinity-driven convection 581

Haloes, convection and saltout 581

Evaporites as pressure seals 583

Temperature anomalies and brine flow 593

Fluid flow in halokinetic basins 596

Suprasalt fluid flow and alteration 596

Burial dewatering of hydrated salts 601

Brine-rock burial evolution 604

Brine chemistry at depth 604

Effects and indications of water-salt interactions 610

Crustal cycling of brines? 612

Chapter 9 Halotolerant life in feast or famine (a source of hydrocarbons and a fixer of metals) 617

Evaporitics Source rocks 619

Halobiota: adaptations and bio-markers 628

Metabolic pathways in producers and consumers 629

Salinity tolerance in the halobiota 635

Cellular adaptations to hypersalinity 646

Biomarkers and microbial responses to changing salinities 652

Organic enrichment... 658

Biological responses to variably layered brines: Cycles of "feast or famine" 660

The where and when of productivity 670

Life, brine seeps and dissolving salt allochthons 676

Subsurface organic-sulphate reactions 685

Bacterial sulphate reduction (BSR) 686

Thermochemical sulphate reduction (TSR) 689

H[subscript 2]S, natural gas and metallogeny 692

Hydrothermal cracking in saline rift lakes 699

Chapter 10 Oil and gas associations 705

Seal capacity of evaporites 708

So why do evaporites seal? 708

Environments favouring seal continuity 711

Reservoirs and traps...[square] 713

Bedded salt seals...& 713

Personalised ramblings on the bedded-evaporite hydrocarbon association 759

Halokinetic salt traps .. 763

Supradiapiric traps 765

Allochthon plays in the deepwater realm 769

How suprasalt becomes subsalt 775

Intrasalt halokinetic plays 776

Subsalt reservoirs in compressional provinces 780

Evaporite Solution ... 786

Chapter 11 Evaporites as exploited mineral resources 791

A history of salt usage 791

Potash salts... 793

Quaternary potash.. 796

Ancient (Pre-Quaternary) potash 808

How does potash form? 826

Other economic salts... 831

Borate salts (tincals) 831

Rock gypsum and rock salt 845

Iodine, bromine and lithium salts 847

Nitrate salts (nitratite and salt petre) 852

Magnesite and magnesia salts 854

Sodium carbonate salts (trona) 859

Sodium sulphate salts (Glauber's salts) 865

Sulphur salts (brimstone) 877

Zeolites - molecular sieves 882

Chapter 12 Solution mining and cavern use 893

The solution mining process 894

History of salt solution wells 894

Well and cavern design 896

Solution well styles 898

Techniques in potash operations 900

Lithology effects shape 901

Well pad design...i 903

Blinding and phase chemistry 904

Phase chemistry - trona solution mining 905

Use of Salt Caverns... 907

Hydrocarbon Storage 907

Waste Disposal ... 910

Problems in salt mines, well-bores and storage facilities 912

Case histories: caving

brinefields 914

Case histories: caving and leaking wells 924

Case Histories: storage caverns 930

Recognising and preventing potential cavern problems 936

Salt Creep...[square] 936

Salt falls versus roof collapses 938

Ground subsidence.& 938

Surface indicators of breached caverns 939

Monitoring and minimizing collapse 940

So how stable is a storage cavern? 941

Cavern Plugging...K 941.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages [945]-1018) and index.

ISBN:

3540260110

OCLC:

63127457