Principles of statistical physics : distributions, structures, phenomena, kinetics of atomic systems / Boris M. Smirnov.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Smirnov, B. M. (Boris Mikhaĭlovich), 1938-

Contributor:

Emma Louise McClellan Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Statistical physics.

Physical Description:

xiv, 460 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm

Place of Publication:

Weinheim : Wiley-VCH ; [Chichester] : [John Wiley, distributor], [2006]

Summary:

Written for graduate or advanced students as well as for professionals in physics and chemistry, this book includes the fundamental concepts of statistical physics and physical kinetics. These concepts relate to a wide range of physical objects, such as liquids and solids, gases and plasmas, clusters and systems of complex molecules. The book analyzes various structures of many-particle systems, such as crystal structures, lamellar structures, fractal aggregates and fractal structures, while comparing different methods of description for certain systems and phenomena. Developed from a lecture course on statistical physics and kinetic theory of various atomic systems, the text provides a maximum number of concepts in the simplest way, based on simple problems and using various methods.

Contents:

I Statistical Physics of Atomic Systems 5

2 Basic Distributions in Systems of Particles 7

2.1 The Normal or Gaussian Distribution 7

2.2 Specifics of Statistical Physics 8

2.3 Temperature 10

2.4 The Gibbs Principle 11

2.5 The Boltzmann Distribution 12

2.6 Statistical Weight, Entropy and the Partition Function 14

2.7 The Maxwell Distribution 17

2.8 Mean Parameters of an Ensemble of Free Particles 18

2.9 Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein Statistics 19

2.10 Distribution of Particle Density in External Fields 22

2.11 Fluctuations in a Plasma 23

3 Bose-Einstein Distribution 27

3.1 Laws of Black Body Radiation 27

3.2 Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission 29

3.3 Vibrations of Diatomic Nuclei 31

3.4 Structures of Solids 32

3.5 Structures of Clusters 35

3.6 Vibrations of Nuclei in Crystals 38

3.7 Cluster Oscillations 41

3.8 Debye Model 44

3.9 Distributions in Molecular Gas 47

3.10 Bose Condensation 50

3.11 Helium at Low Temperatures 51

3.12 Superfluidity 53

4 Fermi-Dirac Distribution 57

4.1 Degenerate Electron Gas 57

4.2 Plasma of Metals 58

4.3 Degenerate Electron Gas in a Magnetic Field 59

4.4 Wigner Crystal 60

4.5 The Thomas-Fermi Model of the Atom 61

4.6 Shell Structure of Atoms 64

4.7 Sequence of Filling of Electron Shells 65

4.8 The Jellium Model of Metallic Clusters 66

4.9 Shell Structure of Clusters 67

4.10 Clusters with Pair Interaction of Atoms as Fermi Systems 69

4.11 Partition Function of a Weakly Excited Cluster 72

5 Equilibria Between States of Discrete and Continuous Spectra 75

5.1 The Saha Distribution 75

5.2 Heat Capacity of Ionized Gases 76

5.3 Ionization Equilibrium for Metallic Particles in a Hot Gas 78

5.4 Thermoemission of Electrons 80

5.5 Autoelectron and Thermo-autoelectron Emission 81

5.6 Dissociative Equilibrium in Molecular Gases 84

5.7 Formation of Electron-Positron Pairs in a Radiation Field 86

II Equilibrium and Excitation of Atomic Systems 89

6 Thermodynamic Values and Thermodynamic Equilibria 91

6.1 Entropy as a Thermodynamic Parameter 91

6.2 First Law of Thermodynamics 92

6.3 Joule-Thomson Process 93

6.4 Expansion of Gases 94

6.5 Carnot Cycle 96

6.6 Entropy of an Ideal Gas 97

6.7 Second Law of Thermodynamics 99

6.8 Thermodynamic Potentials 100

6.9 Heat Capacities 102

6.10 Equilibrium Conditions 104

6.11 Chemical Potential 104

6.12 Chemical Equilibrium 106

7 Equilibrium State of Atomic Systems 107

7.1 Criterion of the Gaseous State 107

7.2 Equation of the Gas State 108

7.3 Virial Theorem 109

7.4 The State Equation for an Ensemble of Particles 110

7.5 System of Repulsing Atoms 111

7.6 Van der Waals Equation 113

7.7 Liquid-Gas Equilibrium 116

7.8 The Equation of the Solid State 119

7.9 Lennard-Jones Crystals and the Character of Interactions in Solid Rare Gases 120

7.10 Equilibrium Between Phases in Rare Gases 124

8 Thermodynamics of Aggregate States and Phase Transitions 127

8.1 Scaling for Dense and Condensed Rare Gases 127

8.2 Phase Transitions at High Pressures and Temperatures 132

8.3 Scaling for Molecular Gases 135

8.4 Two-state Approximation for Aggregate States 138

8.5 Solid-Solid Cluster Phase Transition 142

8.6 Configuration Excitation of a Large Cluster 143

8.7 Lattice Model for Phase Transition 144

8.8 Lattice Model for Liquid State of Bulk Rare Gases 145

8.9 Chemical Equilibria and Phase Transitions 146

9 Mixtures and Solutions 149

9.1 Ideal Mixtures 149

9.2 Mixing of Gases 150

9.3 The Gibbs Rule for Phases 152

9.4 Dilute Solutions 152

9.5 Phase Transitions in Dilute Solutions 154

9.6 Lattice Model for Mixtures 156

9.7 Stratification of Solutions 158

9.8 Phase Diagrams of Binary Solutions 161

9.9 Thermodynamic Parameters of Plasma 163

9.10 Electrolytes 167

10 Phase Transition in Condensed Systems of Atoms 169

10.1 Peculiarities of the Solid-liquid Phase Transition 169

10.2 Configuration Excitation of a Solid 173

10.3 Modified Lattice Model for Configuration Excitation of a Bulk System of Bound Atoms 174

10.4 Liquid State of Rare Gases as a Configurationally Excited State 176

10.5 The Role of Thermal Excitation in the Existence of the Liquid State 180

10.6 Glassy States and Their Peculiarities 182

III Processes and Non-equilibrium Atomic Systems 187

11 Collision Processes Involving Atomic Particles 189

11.1 Elementary Collisions of Particles 189

11.2 Elastic Collisions of Particles 190

11.3 Hard Sphere Model 193

11.4 Cross Section of Capture 193

11.5 Liquid Drop Model 194

11.6 Association of Clusters in Dense Buffer Gas 196

11.7 The Resonant Charge Exchange Process 197

11.8 The Principle of Detailed Balance for Direct and Inverse Processes 200

11.9 Three-body Processes and the Principle of Detailed Balance 204

11.10 The Principle of Detailed Balance for Processes of Cluster Growth 206

12 Kinetic Equation and Collision Integrals 209

12.1 The Boltzmann Kinetic Equation 209

12.2 Collision Integral 210

12.3 Equilibrium Gas 212

12.4 The Boltzmann H-Theorem 212

12.5 Entropy and Information 213

12.6 The Irreversibility of the Evolution of Physical Systems 214

12.7 Irreversibility and the Collapse of Wave Functions 217

12.8 Attractors 218

12.9 Collision Integral for Electrons in Atomic Gas 220

12.10 The Landau Collision Integral 223

12.11 Collision Integral for Clusters in Parent Vapor 226

13 Non-equilibrium Objects and Phenomena 229

13.1 Non-equilibrium Molecular Gas 229

13.2 Violation of the Boltzmann Distribution Due to Radiation 231

13.3 Processes in Photoresonant Plasma 233

13.4 Equilibrium Establishment for Electrons in an Ideal Plasma 234

13.5 Electron Drift in a Gas in an External Electric Field 235

13.6 Diffusion Coefficient of Electrons in a Gas 237

13.7 Distribution Function of Electrons in a Gas in an External Electric Field 239

13.8 Atom Excitation by Electrons in a Gas in an Electric Field 240

13.9 Excitation of Atoms in Plasma 244

13.10 Thermal Equilibrium in a Cluster Plasma 247

IV Transport Phenomena in Atomic Systems 249

14 General Principles of Transport Phenomena 251

14.1 Types of Transport Phenomena 251

14.2 Diffusion Motion of Particles 252

14.3 The Einstein Relation 255

14.4 Heat Transport 255

14.5 Thermal Conductivity Due to Internal Degrees of Freedom 257

14.6 Momentum Transport 258

14.7 Thermal Conductivity of Crystals 259

14.8 Diffusion of Atoms in Condensed Systems 260

14.9 Diffusion of Voids as Elementary Configuration Excitations 264

14.10 Void Instability 265

14.11 Onsager Symmetry of Transport Coefficients 266

15 Transport of Electrons in Gases 271

15.1 Conductivity of Weakly Ionized Gas 271

15.2 Electron Mobility in a Gas 272

15.3 Conductivity of Strongly Ionized Plasma 272

15.4 Thermal Diffusion of Electrons in a Gas 274

15.5 Electron Thermal Conductivity 276

15.6 The Hall Effect 278

15.7 Deceleration of Fast Electrons in Plasma 280

16 Transport of Electrons in Condensed Systems 283

16.1 Electron Gas of Metals 283

16.2 Electrons in a Periodical Field 285

16.3 Conductivity of Metals 288

16.4 Fermi Surface of Metals 289

16.5 Drift of an Excess Electron in Condensed Systems 291

16.6 The Tube Character of Electron Drift in Condensed Inert Gases 296

16.7 Electron Mobility in Condensed Systems 298

17 Transport of Ions and Clusters 301

17.1 Ambipolar Diffusion 301

17.2 Electrophoresis 302

17.3 Macroscopic Equation for Ions Moving in Gas 303

17.4 Mobility of Ions 305

17.5 Mobility of Ions in Foreign Gas 305

17.6 The Chapman-Enskog Method 306

17.7 Mobility of Ions in the Parent Gas 307

17.8 Mobility of Ions in Condensed Atomic Systems 309

17.9 Diffusion of Small Particles in

Gas or Liquid 311

17.10 Cluster Instability 312

V Structures of Complex Atomic Systems 315

18 Peculiarities of Cluster Structures 317

18.1 Clusters of Close-packed Structure with a Short-range Interaction Between Atoms 317

18.2 Energetics of Icosahedral Clusters 321

18.3 Competition of Cluster Structures 324

18.4 Configuration Excitation of Clusters 328

18.5 Electron Energy Surface of Three Hydrogen Atoms 332

18.6 Peculiarity of the Potential Energy Surface for Ensembles of Bound Atoms 339

19 Structures of Bonded Large Molecules 341

19.1 Structures of Atomic and Molecular Systems 341

19.2 Solutions of Amphiphiles 342

19.3 Structures of Amphiphilic Molecules 344

19.4 Polymers 346

19.5 Gels 349

19.6 Charging of Particles in Suspensions 349

19.7 Association in Electric Fields and Chain Aggregates 351

20 Fractal Systems 357

20.1 Fractal Dimensionality 357

20.2 Fractal Aggregates 362

20.3 Fractal Objects Similar to Fractal Aggregates 364

20.4 Percolation Clusters 366

20.5 Aerogel 370

20.6 Fractal Fiber 371

VI Nucleation Phenomena 375

21 Character of Nucleation in Gases and Plasma 377

21.1 Peculiarities of Condensation of Supersaturated Vapor 377

21.2 Nuclei of Condensation 380

21.3 Instability of Uniform Nucleating Vapor 381

21.4 Classical Theory of Growth of Liquid Drops in Supersaturated Vapor 383

21.5 Nucleation at Strong Supersaturation 386

21.6 Nucleation under Solid-Liquid Phase Transition 388

22 Processes of Cluster Growth 391

22.1 Mechanisms of Cluster Growth in Gases 391

22.2 Kinetics of Cluster Coagulation 393

22.3 The Coalescence Stage of Cluster Growth 396

22.4 Growth of Grains in a Solid Solution 397

22.5 Character of Growth of Charged Clusters in a Plasma 399

22.6 Peculiarities of Nucleation on Surfaces 402

23 Cluster Growth in Expanding Gases and Plasmas 497

23.1 Transformation of Atomic Vapor in Clusters in an Expanding Gas 407

23.2 Heat Regime of Cluster Growth in Expanding Gas 412

23.3 Mechanisms of Nucleation in Free Jet Expansion 416

23.4 Nucleation in Free Jet Expansion in Pure Gas 417

23.5 Hagena Approximation for Nucleation Rate 419

23.6 Character of Nucleation in Pure Gas 420

23.7 Instability of Clusters in a Nonhomogeneous Vapor 421

A Physical Constants and Units 427

A.1 Some Physical Constants 427

A.2 Conversion Factors for Energy Units 427

A.3 Numerical Coefficients in Some Relationships of Physics 428

B Physical Parameters in the Form of the Periodical Table of Elements 429

B.1 Mobilities of Atomic Ions in Parent Gases 429

B.2 Ionization Potentials for Atoms and Their Ions 430

B.3 Electron Binding Energies in Negative Ions of Atoms 432

B.4 Parameters of Diatomic Molecules 434

B.5 Parameters of Positively Charged Diatomic Molecules 436

B.6 Parameters of Negatively Charged Diatomic Molecules 438

B.7 Cross Sections of Resonant Charge Exchange 440

B.8 Parameters of Evaporation for Metallic Liquid Clusters 442

B.9 Parameters of Metals at Room Temperatures 444

B.10 Parameters of Crystal Structures of Elements at Low Temperatures 446.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Emma Louise McClellan Fund.

ISBN:

3527406131

OCLC:

64305933

Publisher Number:

9783527406135