Nanosystem characterization tools in the life sciences / edited by Challa S.S.R. Kumar.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Kumar, C. S. S. R. (Challa S. S. R.)

Series:

Nanotechnologies for the life sciences ; v. 3.

Nanotechnologies for the life sciences ; v. 3

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Nanostructured materials.

Biomedical engineering.

Physical Description:

xviii, 395 pages : illustrations (some color) ; 25 cm.

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

Weinheim : Wiley-VCH, [2006]

Summary:

This volume of NtLS presents a broad range of characterization methods and technologies as applicable to life science on the nanoscale. It aims to serve as a single source of information that gathers up the knowledge otherwise spread out over many journal articles, and offers a picture of the whole to members of all involved disciplines. Fluorescence imaging with nanoprobes, scanning probe techniques, antibody-based microbalance measuring, NMR, X-ray, FT-IR, ESR, and atom probe tomography are featured specifically for their applicability to materials used in and for biological and physiological environments, in particular, for medicine, healthcare, pharmaceuticals and human wellness. Biochemists, biologists, chemists, materials scientists, and materials engineers as well as all others working in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries or at related research institutions will find this book of great value and importance.

Contents:

1 Fluorescence Imaging in Biology using Nanoprobes / Daniele Gerion 1

1.1 Introduction and Outlook 1

1.1.1 A New Era in Cell Biology 1

1.1.2 Manotechnology and its Perspectives for Fluorescence Imaging in Cell Biology 2

1.2 Fundamentals of Fluorescence 3

1.2.2 A Few Types of Fluorescent Probes 6

1.2.2.1 Small Luminescent Units and Autofluorescence of Living Organisms 6

1.2.2.2 A few Organic Dyes and their Limitation in Live Cell Labeling 7

1.2.2.3 Green Fluorescent Protein and its Cousin Mutants 8

1.2.2.4 Quantum Dots 9

1.2.2.5 Toxicity Issues of Nanomaterials 13

1.2.3 Sources and Detectors 14

1.2.3.1 Light Sources 14

1.2.3.2 Detectors 15

1.3 Microscope Configurations 17

1.3.1 Wide-field Methods: Epi-, and Total Internal Reflection (TIR) 17

1.3.1.1 Epifluorescence Illumination 17

1.3.1.2 Total Internal Reflection (TIR) Illumination 18

1.3.2 Scanning Methods for Microscopy 19

1.3.2.1 Laser-scanning or Stage-scanning Confocal Microscopy 19

1.3.2.2 Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM) 20

1.4 Strategies for Image Acquisition 21

1.4.1 Intensity Imaging 21

1.4.2 Spectral Imaging 23

1.4.3 Lifetime and Time-gated Imaging 24

1.4.4 Other Imaging Modalities: Polarization and FRET Imaging 26

1.5 Qdots in Biology: A Few Selected Examples 26

1.5.1 Ultra-high Colocalization of Qdots for Genetic Mapping 27

1.5.2 Dynamics of Biomolecules in a Cellular Environment 28

1.5.2.1 Trafficking of Glycine Receptors in Neural Membranes of Live Cells 29

1.5.2.2 Dynamics of Labeled Nuclear Localization Sequences Inside Living Cells 30

1.5.3 In Vivo and Non-invasive Detection Using Qdot Reporters 31

1.6 Outlook: Is there a Role for Nanoscience in Cellular Biology and in Medicine? 31

2 Characterization of Nanoscale Systems in Biology using Scanning Probe Microscopy Techniques / Anthony W. Coleman, Adina N. Lazar, Cecile F. Rousseau, Sebastien Cecillon, Patrick Shahgaldian 38

2.2 The Scanning Probe Microscopy Experiment 39

2.3 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Imaging 40

2.4 Atomic Force Microscopy 41

2.4.2 Tips and Cantilevers 44

2.4.3 Contact Mode AFM 46

2.4.4 Dynamic Modes 47

2.4.4.2 Non-contact Mode 48

2.4.4.3 Intermittent Contact Mode 49

2.4.4.4 Force Modulation Mode 49

2.4.5 Friction Force Mode or Lateral Force Mode 50

2.4.6 Force-Distance Analysis 50

2.4.7 Chemical Force Imaging 52

2.4.8 Dip-pen Lithography 54

2.4.9 Cantilever Array Sensors 54

2.5 Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy 56

2.6 Artifacts 57

2.6.1 Artifacts Related to Tip Size and Geometry 57

2.6.2 Artifacts from Damaged Tips 59

2.6.3 Artifacts from Tip-Sample Interactions 59

2.6.4 Sample Artifacts 59

2.7 Using the Tools 60

2.7.1 DNA 60

2.7.1.1 Topographic Imaging of DNA 60

2.7.1.2 Imaging DNA Translocation 62

2.7.1.3 DNA Interactions and Stretching 62

2.7.2 Proteins 67

2.7.2.1 Topographic Imaging of Proteins 67

2.7.2.2 Dip-pen Nanolithography Patterning of Proteins 69

2.7.2.3 Protein-Protein and Protein-Ligand Interactions 69

2.7.3 Polysaccharides 72

2.7.3.1 Proteoglycan Topographic Imaging 72

2.7.4 Lipid Systems 74

2.7.4.1 Liposomes 74

2.7.4.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) 78

2.7.4.3 Supported Lipid Bilayers and Monolayers 81

2.7.5 SNOM Imaging 85

2.7.6 Viruses 87

2.7.7 Cells 89

2.7.7.1 Topographic Imaging 89

2.7.7.2 Interactions and Mechanical Properties 89

2.7.7.3 NSOM Imaging 91

2.7.8 Cantilever Arrays as Biosensors 93

Appendix 1 Books on Scanning Probe Microsopies Reviews on Scanning Probe Microsopies in Biology 100

Appendix 2 Reviews on Scanning Probe Microsopies in Biology 102

3 Quartz Crystal Microbalance Characterization of Nanostructure Assemblies in Biosensing / Aren E. Gerdon, David W. Wright, David E. Cliffel 109

3.1.1 Principles of QCM 109

3.1.2 QCM Wave Penetration Depth 112

3.1.3 QCM Sensor Specificity 113

3.1.4 Calculation of Equilibrium and Kinetic Constants 114

3.1.5 QCM Application to Life Sciences 116

3.2 Interface Between Biology and Nanomaterials 118

3.2.1 Antibodies 120

3.2.2 Nanoparticles 121

3.3 QCM Nanoparticle-based Chemical Sensors 124

3.4 QCM Nanoparticle-based Biosensors 125

3.5 QCM Nanoparticle-based Immunosensors 125

3.5.1 Traditional Immunoassays 126

3.5.2 Immunoassays using Nanotechnology 127

3.5.3 QCM Nanoparticle-based Immunosensors 128

3.5.3.1 Antigen Mimic Design 129

3.5.3.2 Glutathione-protected Nanocluster 130

3.5.3.3 Hemagglutanin Mimic Nanocluster 131

3.5.3.4 Protective Antigen of B. anthracis Mimic Nanocluster 133

3.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 136

4 NMR Characterization Techniques - Application to Nanoscaled Pharmaceutical Carriers / Christian Mayer 145

4.2 Structural Analysis of Nanoparticles 146

4.3 Phase Transitions of the Particle Matrix 154

4.4 Adsorption to the Particle Surface 156

4.5 Molecular Exchange through Nanocapsule Membranes 161

4.6 Particle Degradation and Release 166

4.7 Summary and Outlook 170

5 Characterization of Nano Features in Biopolymers using Small-angle X-ray Scattering, Electron Microscopy and Modeling / Angelika Krebs, Bettina Bottcher 175

5.2 Small-angle X-ray Scattering 176

5.2.1 Scattering Technique 176

5.2.1.1 Scattering Phenomenon 176

5.2.1.2 Scattering Curve and Pair Distance Distribution Function 178

5.2.1.3 Determination of Scattering Parameters 179

5.2.1.4 Experimental Setup 180

5.2.2 Interpretation of Data 181

5.2.2.1 Direct Methods 181

5.2.2.2 Indirect Methods 182

5.3 Electron Microscopy 185

5.3.1 Image Formation 186

5.3.1.1 Interference of Electrons with Matter 186

5.3.1.2 Contrast Transfer Function 187

5.3.2 Sample Preparation 188

5.3.2.1 Vitrification of Biological Specimens 188

5.3.3 Two-dimensional Merging of Electron Microscopic Data 191

5.3.3.1 Cross Correlation Function 192

5.3.3.2 Identification of the Different Views 193

5.3.4 Merging of EM-data in Three Dimensions 195

5.3.4.1 Sinogram Correlation 195

5.3.4.2 Reconstruction of the Three-dimensional Model 196

5.4 Merging of Methods 199

5.4.1 Comparison of EM and SAXS Data 199

5.4.2 SAXS Modeling Approaches using EM Information 201

6 In Situ Characterization of Drug Nanoparticles by FTIR Spectroscopy / Michael Turk, Ruth Signorell 208

6.2 Particle Generation Methods 209

6.2.1 Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions (RESS) 209

6.2.2 Electro-Spraying 211

6.3 Particle Characterization Methods 212

6.3.1 In Situ Characterization with FTIR Spectroscopy 212

6.3.1.1 Experimental Setup 212

6.3.1.2 Characterization of the RESS Process 214

6.3.2 In Situ Characterization with 3-WEM 217

6.3.3 Characterization with SMPS and SEM 218

6.4 Determination of Refractive Index Data in the Mid-infrared Region 219

6.5.1 Phenanthrene Particles: Size, Shape, Optical Data 222

6.5.2 Sugar Nanoparticles 226

6.5.3 Drug Nanoparticles 229

7 Characterization of Nanoscaled Drug Delivery Systems by Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) / Karsten Mader 241

7.2 ESR Basics and Requirements 242

7.3 Information from ESR Spectroscopy and Imaging 246

7.3.1 Nitroxide Concentration 246

7.3.2 Micropolarity and Microviscosity 247

7.3.3 Monitoring of Microacidity 253

7.3.4 ESR Imaging 254

7.4 In Vivo ESR 255

7.5 Summary and Outlook 255

8 X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy in Nanoscience and Lifesciences / Jinghua Guo 259

8.2 Soft X-ray Spectroscopy 260

8.2.1 Soft X-ray Absorption Edges 261

8.2.2 Soft X-ray Emission Spectroscopy 261

8.2.3 Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy 263

8.2.4 Resonant Soft X-ray Emission Spectroscopy 264

8.2.5 Experimental Details 265

8.3 Chemical Sensitivity of Soft X-ray Spectroscopy 267

8.3.1 Electronic Structure and Geometrical Structure 268

8.3.2 Hydrogen Bonding Effect 270

8.3.3 Charge and Spin States of Transition Metals 271

8.4 Electronic Structure and Nanostructure 272

8.4.1 Wide Bandgap Nanostructured Semiconductors 273

8.4.2 Cu Nanoclusters 275

8.4.3 ZnO Nanocrystals 276

8.5 Electronic Structure and Molecular Structure 277

8.5.1 Hydrogen Bonding in Liquid Water 277

8.5.2 Molecular Structure in Liquid Alcohol and Water Mixture 278

8.5.3 Electronic Structure and Ion Solvations 280

8.5.4 Drugs in Water Solution 282

8.5.5 Electronic Structure of Bases in DNA Duplexes 282

9 Some New Advances and Challenges in Biological and Biomedical Materials Characterization / Filip Braet, Lilian Soon, Thomas F. Kelly, David J. Larson, Simon P. Ringer 292

9.2 Modern Atom Probe Tomography: Principles, Applications in Biomaterials and Potential Applications for Biology 293

9.2.1 The Need for an Ideal Microscope 293

9.2.1.1 Field Ion Microscopy and the Modern Atom Probe Instrument 293

9.2.1.2 Applications in Biomaterials 298

9.2.1.3 Applications and Challenges for Biological Science 301

9.3 Atomic Force Microscopy 307

9.3.2 Instrumentation 308

9.3.2.1 Live Cell Imaging 309

9.4 Cryo-electron Microscopy 312

9.4.2 Instrumentation 313

9.4.2.1 Cryo-electron Microscopy Imaging 313

10 Dynamic Light Scattering Microscopy / Rhonda Dzakpasu, Daniel Axelrod 319

10.2 Theory 320

10.2.1 Single Scattering Center 321

10.2.2 Multiple Scattering Centers 324

10.2.3 Temporal Autocorrelation of Intensity 324

10.2.4 Phase Fluctuation Factors 325

10.2.5 Number Fluctuation Factors 329

10.2.6 Characteristic Times and Distances 331

10.2.7 Spatial Autocorrelation of Intensity 331

10.2.8 Variance of Intensity Fluctuations: Mobile Fraction 334

10.3 Experimental Design 335

10.3.1 Optical Setup 335

10.3.2 Data Acquisition 335

10.3.3 Sample Preparation: Polystyrene Beads 337

10.3.4 Sample Preparation: Living Macrophages 338

10.3.5 Buffer Changes during Data Acquisition 338

10.4 Data Analysis 339

10.4.1 Temporal Intensity Autocorrelation Function 339

10.4.2 Spatial Intensity Autocorrelation Function 339

10.4.3 Mobile Fraction 340

10.5 Experimental Results 341

10.5.1 Polystyrene Beads: Temporal Phase Autocorrelation 341

10.5.2 Variance of Intensity Fluctuations on Beads: Phase Fluctuations 342

10.5.3 Polystyrene Beads: Number Fluctuations 343

10.5.4 Polystyrene Beads: Spatial Autocorrelation 345

10.5.5 Polystyrene Beads: Mobile Fractions 346

10.5.6 Living Macrophage Cells: Temporal Autocorrelation 347

10.5.7 Living Macrophage Cells: Mobile Fraction 348

10.6.1 Polystyrene Beads 348

10.6.2 Macrophages 350

10.6.3 Improvements for DLSM 351

11 X-ray Scattering Techniques for Characterization of Nanosystems in Lifesciences / Cheng K. Saw 354

11.2 Brief Historical Background and Unique Properties 356

11.3 Scattering of X-rays 357

11.4 Crystallography 359

11.5 Scattering from a Powder Sample 360

11.6 Scattering by Atomic Aggregates 362

11.7 Crystallite Size and Paracrystallinity 364

11.8 Production of X-rays 365

11.9 Absorption of X-rays 367

11.10 Instrumentation: WAXS 367

11.11 Small Angle X-ray Scattering 370

11.11.1 Dilute Systems 371

11.11.2 Highly Correlating Systems 373

11.12 SAXS Instrumentation 373

11.13 Synchrotron Radiation 375.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

3527313834

OCLC:

62226360

Publisher Number:

9783527313839