Geographic information systems and public health : eliminating perinatal disparity / Andrew Curtis, Michael Leitner.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Curtis, Andrew, 1967-

Contributor:

Leitner, Michael, 1965-

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Geographic information systems.

Public health--Data processing.

Public health.

Geographic Information Systems.

Infant Mortality.

Community Health Planning.

Pregnancy, High-Risk.

Medical Subjects:

Geographic Information Systems.

Infant Mortality.

Community Health Planning.

Pregnancy, High-Risk.

Physical Description:

xxi, 317 pages : illustrations, maps ; 27 cm

Place of Publication:

Hershey, PA : IRM Press, [2006]

Summary:

"This book provides an overview of why geography is important in the investigation of health, the importance of the main components of a GIS, how important neighborhood context is when using a GIS, and the general differences found between urban and rural health environments"--Provided by publisher.

Contents:

Chapter I Explaining the Geography of Infant Health 1

Geographic Variations in Infant Health 2

Smoking is Bad 9

What Does It Mean to Be Poor? 10

Stress 11

The Geography of Health 12

Chapter II An Introduction to GIS (All Things Data) 21

Data Input 24

Health Data 24

Confidentiality Issues 27

Address Matching/Geocoding 28

Other Useful Data 1: Socioeconomic Data 31

Other Useful Data 2: Boundary and Background Data 32

Data Manipulation 37

Aggregating into Spatial Units 37

Data Reduction 41

Creating New Data 42

Calculating Deprivation Indexes 42

Improving Health Outcome Information 44

Perinatal Periods of Risk (PPOR) 45

Chapter III An Introduction to GIS (All Things Spatial) 52

Visualizing the Data 52

Choropleth Map 57

Common Dot Map 60

Isarithmic (Isoline) Map 61

Proportional (Graduated) Point Symbol Map 61

Spatial Analysis 62

CrimeStat 64

GeoDa 65

Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) 65

SaTScan 66

GIS as a Management Information System 68

What is a Neighborhood? 69

Including Geography in the Analysis 70

Holistic Neighborhood Investigations 72

Spatially Synthesizing Previous Research 73

Chapter IV The Geography of Health Risks 79

Infant Deaths, Low Birth Weight, and Short Gestation Deliveries 83

Medical Risks 85

Behavioral Risks 87

So What Can We Do With GIS? 91

Cohort or Social Risks 95

Social Risks: Disparities in African American Neighborhoods 96

Spatial Cohort 98

Neighborhood Risks 99

Suffer the Children 100

Environmental Risks 103

GIS Analyses of Environmental Risks 107

GIS, Cancer, and Low Birth Weight Research in Louisiana 110

Cancer and Birth Outcome Co-Investigation Template 111

Summarizing It All: The Relationship Between Risk and Stress 113

So What Can Be Done? 114

Chapter V GIS and Spatial Analysis: Keeping It Simple 146

Exploratory Analysis vs. Hypothesis Testing 146

Spatial Design 148

Spatial Sampling 149

Aggregation Effects 153

Three Simple Techniques: Overlay, Density, and a Difference of Proportions Test 154

Overlay as Analysis 154

A Cautionary Tale 157

Density Analysis 157

Difference of Proportions Test 160

Results for Year One (Table 1) 165

Results for Year Two (Table 2) 165

Results for Year Three (Table 3) 167

Under-18 Pregnancies (Table 4) 169

Chapter VI Advanced Spatial Analysis 174

Spatial Autocorrelation 174

Global Spatial Autocorrelation 175

Local Spatial Autocorrelation 178

Cluster Analysis 179

Cluster Techniques 182

Spatial Filtering (DMAP) 182

Nearest Neighbor Hierarchical Clustering (NNHC) 183

Kernel Density Estimation 184

Infant Mortality and Prenatal Risks: The Case of East Baton Rouge 188

Regressing Selected Prenatal Risk Factors on the Infant Mortality Rate 192

Geographically Weighted Regression 194

Chapter VII Spatial/Temporal Stability in Neighborhoods of Risk: The Mobility of Mothers 203

How Far Do the Mothers Move? 204

Temporal Stability and Implications for Outreach 208

Developing a Neighborhood Categorization Scheme Based on Temporal Stability 208

Constructing Neighborhoods Around Mortality Locations 210

Temporal Stability in Risks Around Infant Deaths 211

Temporal Stability in a Global Risk Investigation 216

Temporal Stability in the Four Neighborhoods 218

Results from the Difference of Proportions t-test 219

Conclusions on Temporal Stability 221

Chapter VIII Patient Confidentiality 224

Confidentiality in Maps 226

Statistical (Attribute) Confidentiality 226

Spatial (Locational) Confidentiality 227

Preserving Confidentiality in Governmental Agencies 227

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 228

U.S. Census 229

U.S. Department of Justice 229

Geographically Masking the Location of Confidential Point Data 230

Experimental Testing 230

Results for Global Geographic Masking 231

Results for Local Geographic Masking 232

Preserving Spatial Confidentiality of Two Locally Masked Point Patterns 237

Manipulating Both Area Boundaries and the Location of Confidential Point Data 240

Chapter IX Creating the Baton Rouge Healthy Start GIS 245

Beginnings 246

Determining the Program Area 258

Identifying Areas With No Prenatal Care 259

Neighborhood Profiling 262

Creating the Database 262

Data Input 264

Reaching Out 265

What Next? 266

Post Script 266

Chapter X Bioterrorism, Pregnancy, and Old White Men 268

Vulnerability in the U.S. 268

Bioterrorism and Pregnancy Risk 269

GIS and Vulnerability Mapping 271

Identifying the Vulnerable 272

So How Do We Bring Healthy Start into This? 274

Are Pregnant Women Really Vulnerable? 275

Criticisms of Syndromic Surveillance 279

Chapter XI Rural Health Issues and Their Investigation in a GIS Environment 287

The Complexity of Rurality 288

Rural Places and Health 289

An Overview of Some Rural Health Issues 290

Rural Geography and Dealing With Rural Data 295.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

1591407567

1591406099

OCLC:

61334525