Basics of PET imaging : physics, chemistry, and regulations / Gopal B. Saha.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Saha, Gopal B.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Tomography, Emission.

Medical physics.

Tomography, Emission-Computed--methods.

Prospective Payment System.

Radiopharmaceuticals.

Technology, Radiologic.

Tomography, Emission-Computed--instrumentation.

Medical Subjects:

Tomography, Emission-Computed--methods.

Prospective Payment System.

Radiopharmaceuticals.

Technology, Radiologic.

Tomography, Emission-Computed--instrumentation.

Physical Description:

xv, 206 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm

Place of Publication:

New York, NY : Springer, [2005]

Summary:

This unparalleled text on the basics of PET imaging technology is an ideal resource for technologists and residents preparing for board examinations. Written by noted author Gopal B. Saha, PhD, the book also serves as a useful reference for practicing nuclear medicine professionals. Chapters are concise but comprehensive and emphasize the fundamentals, including physics, instrumentation and data acquisition, image reconstruction, production of PET radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals, and regulatory and reimbursement issues. To maximize understanding, topics are complete with assessment questions, reviews of pertinent basic science, and lists of suggested readings. Helpful illustrations reinforce key concepts. A wealth of valuable data is presented in practical tables and appendixes as well. The remarkable combination of brevity and clarity of content makes it an ideal text and reference book for nuclear medicine professionals interested in the basics of PET imaging.

Contents:

1 Radioactive Decay and Interaction of Radiation with Matter 1

Atomic Structure 1

Radioactive Decay 2

Radioactive Decay Equations 5

General Decay Equations 5

Successive Decay Equations 7

Units of Radioactivity 9

Units of Radioactivity in System Internationale 9

Calculations 9

Interaction of Radiation with Matter 10

Interaction of Charged Particles with Matter 10

Interaction of [gamma] Radiation with Matter 12

Attenuation of [gamma] Radiations 14

2 PET Scanning Systems 19

Solid Scintillation Detectors in PET 20

Photomultiplier Tube 23

Pulse Height Analyzer 24

Arrangement of Detectors 25

PET Scanners 28

Hybrid Scintillation Cameras 29

PET/CT Scanners 30

Small Animal PET Scanner 34

Mobile PET or PET/CT 36

3 Data Acquisition and Corrections 39

Data Acquisition 39

Two-Dimensional Versus 3-Dimensional 43

PET/CT Data Acquisition 45

Factors Affecting Acquired Data 47

Normalization 47

Photon Attenuation 48

Random Coincidences 53

Scatter Coincidences 54

Dead Time 55

Radial Elongation 56

4 Image Reconstruction, Storage and Display 59

Simple Backprojection 59

Filtered Backprojection 61

The Fourier Method 62

Types of Filters 64

Iterative Reconstruction 67

3-D Reconstruction 70

Partial Volume Effect 70

Storage 72

Display 73

Software and DICOM 74

PACS 76

Teleradiology 79

5 Performance Characteristics of PET Scanners 81

Spatial Resolution 81

Sensitivity 84

Noise Equivalent Count Rate 86

Scatter Fraction 87

Contrast 87

Quality Control of PET Scanners 89

Daily Quality Control Tests 89

Weekly Quality Control Tests 89

Acceptance Tests 90

Spatial Resolution 92

Scatter Fraction 93

Sensitivity 94

Count Rate Losses and Random Coincidences 95

6 Cyclotron and Production of PET Radionuclides 99

Cyclotron Operation 99

Medical Cyclotron 101

Nuclear Reaction 102

Target and its Processing 103

Equation for Production of Radionuclides 104

Specific Activity 106

Production of Positron-Emitting Radionuclides 106

7 Synthesis of PET Radiopharmaceuticals 111

PET Radiopharmaceuticals 111

[superscript 18]F-Sodium Fluoride 111

[superscript 18]F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) 112

6-[superscript 18]F-L-Fluorodopa 113

[superscript 18]F-Fluorothymidine (FLT) 114

[superscript 15]O-Water 115

n-[superscript 15]O-Butanol 115

[superscript 13]N-Ammonia 115

[superscript 11]C-Sodium Acetate 116

[superscript 11]C-Flumazenil 116

[superscript 11]C-Methylspiperone (MSP) 116

[superscript 11]C-L-Methionine 117

[superscript 11]C-Raclopride 117

[superscript 82]Rb-Rubidium Chloride 117

Automated Synthesis Devices 118

Quality Control of PET Radiopharmaceuticals 118

Physicochemical Tests 120

Biological Tests 121

USP Specifications for Routine PET Radiopharmaceuticals 122

8 Regulations Governing PET Radiopharmaceuticals 125

Food and Drug Administration 125

Radioactive Drug Research Committee 128

Radiation Regulations for PET Radiopharmaceuticals 129

License or Registration 129

Regulations for Radiation Protection 131

Principles of Radiation Protection 140

Time 140

Distance 140

Shielding 141

Activity 143

Do's and Don'ts in Radiation Protection Practice 143

Department of Transportation 143

Distribution of [superscript 18]F-FDG 145

9 Reimbursement for PET Procedures 149

Coverage 149

Coding 150

CPT, HCPCS, and APC Codes 150

ICD-9-CM Codes 150

Payment 151

Hospital Inpatient Services-Medicare 151

Hospital Outpatient Services-Medicare 151

Freestanding Imaging Center-Medicare 151

Non-Medicare Payers-All Settings 152

Billing 152

Billing Process 152

Chronology of PET Reimbursement 154

10 Design and Cost of PET Center 162

Site Planning 162

Passage 164

PET Center 164

PET Scanner Section 164

Cyclotron Section 165

Office Area 166

Shielding 167

Cost of PET Operation 172

11 Procedures for PET Studies 175

Whole-Body PET Imaging with [superscript 18]F-FDG 175

Physician's Directive 175

Patient Preparation 176

Dosage Administration 176

Scan 176

Reconstruction and Storage 177

Whole-Body PET/CT imaging with [superscript 18]F-FDG 177

Physician Directive 177

Patient Preparation 177

Dosage Administration 177

Scan 178

Reconstruction and Storage 178

Myocardial Metabolic PET Imaging with [superscript 18]F-FDG 179

Patient Preparation 179

Dosage Administration 179

Scan 179

Reconstruction and Storage 180

Myocardial Perfusion PET Imaging with [superscript 82]Rb-RbCl 180

Patient Preparation 180

Dosage Administration and Scan 180

Reconstruction and Storage 181

[superscript 82]Rb Infusion Pump 181

Appendix C Units and Constants 191

Appendix D Estimated Absorbed Doses From Intravenous Administration of [superscript 18]F-FDG and [superscript 82]Rb-RbCl 193

Appendix E Evaluation of Tumor Uptake of [superscript 18]F-FDG by PET 195.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

0387213074

OCLC:

54966966