Trauma biomechanics : introduction to accidental injury / Kai-Uwe Schmitt, Peter F. Niederer, Felix Walz.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Schmitt, Kai-Uwe.

Contributor:

Class of 1924 Book Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Crash injuries.

Human mechanics.

Impact--Physiological effect.

Impact.

Traumatology.

Crash injuries--Prevention.

Wounds and Injuries--prevention & control.

Biomechanical Phenomena.

Medical Subjects:

Traumatology.

Wounds and Injuries--prevention & control.

Biomechanical Phenomena.

Physical Description:

ix, 173 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm

Place of Publication:

Berlin ; New York : Springer, [2004]

Summary:

Trauma biomechanics uses the principles of mechanics to study the response and tolerance level of biological tissues under extreme loading conditions. Through an understanding of mechanical factors that influence the function and structure of human tissues, countermeasures can be developed to alleviate or even eliminate such injuries. Trauma Biomechanics surveys a wide variety of topics in injury biomechanics including anatomy, injury classification, injury mechanisms, and injury criteria. The interdisciplinary approach necessary in trauma biomechanics is stressed by showing the span from anatomy to engineering solutions for each body region. Injury reference values are listed, either currently in use or proposed by both the U.S. and European countries. Although the book is meant as a first introduction for medical doctors and engineers, sufficient references for scientific research are provided also.

Contents:

2 Methods in Trauma-Biomechanics 7

2.1 Statistics, field studies, databases 7

2.2 Injury criteria, injury scales and injury risk 9

2.3 Basic technical definitions and accident reconstruction 13

2.4 Experimental models 15

2.5 Crash testing 18

2.5.1 Anthropomorphic test devices 20

2.5.2 Standardised test procedures 27

2.6 Numerical methods 32

3 Head Injuries 39

3.1 Anatomy of the head 39

3.2 Injuries and injury mechanisms 41

3.3 Mechanical response of the head 46

3.4 Injury criteria for head injuries 50

3.4.1 Head Injury Criterion (HIC) 51

3.4.2 Head Protection Criterion (HPC) 52

3.4.3 3 ms criterion (a[subscript 3ms]) 53

3.4.4 Generalized Acceleration Model for Brain Injury Threshold 53

4 Spinal Injuries 57

4.1 Anatomy of the spine 58

4.2 Injury mechanisms 61

4.3 Biomechanical response and tolerances 69

4.4 Injury criteria 73

4.4.1 Neck injury criterion NIC 74

4.4.2 N[subscript ij] neck injury criterion 75

4.4.3 Neck protection criterion N[subscript km] 76

4.4.4 Intervetebral neck injury criterion (IV-NIC) 79

4.4.5 Neck displacement criterion (NDC) 80

4.4.6 Lower Neck Load Index (LNL) 81

4.4.7 Neck injury criteria in ECE and FMVSS 81

4.4.8 Correlating neck injury criteria to the injury risk 83

5 Thoracic Injuries 91

5.1 Anatomy of the thorax 91

5.2 Injury mechanisms 93

5.2.1 Rib fractures 95

5.2.2 Lung injuries 96

5.2.3 Injuries to other thoracic organs 97

5.3 Biomechanical response 99

5.3.1 Frontal loading 99

5.3.2 Lateral loading 104

5.4 Injury tolerances and criteria 105

5.4.1 Acceleration and force 107

5.4.2 Thoracic Trauma Index (TTI) 107

5.4.3 Compression Criterion (C) 108

5.4.4 Viscous Criterion (VC) 108

5.4.5 Combined Thoracic Index (CTI) 109

5.4.6 Other criteria 110

6 Abdominal Injuries 113

6.1 Anatomy of the abdomen 113

6.2 Injury mechanisms 114

6.3 Testing the biomechanical response 117

6.4 Injury tolerance 119

6.4.1 Injury criteria 120

6.5 Influence of seat belt use 120

7 Injuries of the Pelvis and the Lower Extremities 123

7.1 Anatomy of the lower limbs 123

7.2 Injury mechanisms 125

7.2.1 Injuries of the pelvis and the proximal femur 130

7.2.2 Leg, knee and foot injury 132

7.3 Impact tolerance of the pelvis and the lower extremities 134

7.4 Injury criteria 137

7.4.1 Compression force 137

7.4.2 Femur Force Criterion (FFC) 138

7.4.3 Tibia Index (TI) 138

7.4.4 Other criteria 139

8 Injuries of the Upper Extremities 141

8.1 Anatomy of the upper limbs 141

8.2 Injury incidences and mechanisms 143

8.3 Impact tolerance 145

8.4 Injury criteria and evaluation of injury risk from airbags 146

9 Injury prevention 151

9.1 Prevention of head injuries 152

9.2 Prevention of soft tissue neck injury 153

9.2.1 Head restraint geometry and padding material 154

9.2.2 Self-aligning head restraint (SAHR) 161

9.2.3 WHIPS seat 162

9.2.4 Damping seat slide 162

9.2.5 WipGARD 165

9.3 Prevention of pelvic injuries and injuries of the lower extremities 166

9.4 Pedestrian injury countermeasures 167.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Class of 1924 Book Fund.

ISBN:

3540222995

OCLC:

56425716