Modern lens design / Warren J. Smith.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Smith, Warren J.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Lenses--Design and construction--Handbooks, manuals, etc.

Lenses.

Lenses--Design and construction.

Genre:

Handbooks and manuals.

Physical Description:

xvi, 631 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

New York : McGraw-Hill, [2005]

Summary:

In this fully revised and updated Second Edition of Modern Lens Design, optics legend Warren J. Smith leads you through the mechanics of lens design, revealing tested methods for designing top-quality lenses. A paragon of design instruction, this volume offers clear explanations of processes, including the use of market-leading design software. You also get 7 comprehensive worked examples, all new to this edition. With this book in hand, there's no lens an optical engineer-or an enthusiastic amateur-can't design. Warren J. Smith's Modern Lens Design helps you with every aspect of any major lens design project. This text features new and updated lens design tables as well as comprehensive instruction in the lens design process, both traditional and CAD. Beginners and experts alike will turn to this book as the definitive source of lens design techniques time and time again.

Contents:

Chapter 2 Automatic Lens Design: Managing the Lens Design Program 11

2.1 Optimization 11

2.2 The Merit Function 13

2.3 Local Minima 19

2.4 The Landscape Lens 21

2.5 Types of Merit Functions 28

2.6 Stagnation 29

2.7 Generalized Simulated Annealing 30

2.8 Considerations about Variables for Optimization 31

2.9 How to Increase the Speed or Field of a System and Avoid Ray Failure Problems 36

2.10 Test Plate Fits, Melt Fits, Thickness Fits, and Reverse Aberration Fits 37

2.11 Spectral Weighting 40

2.12 How to Get Started 41

Chapter 3 Improving a Design 47

3.1 Lens Design Tip Sheet: Standard Improvement Techniques 47

3.2 Glass Changes: Index and V-value 51

3.3 Splitting Elements 52

3.4 Separating a Cemented Doublet 55

3.5 Compounding an Element 55

3.6 Vignetting and Its Uses 58

3.7 Eliminating a Weak Element-the Concentric Problem 60

3.8 Balancing Aberrations 60

3.9 The Symmetrical Principle 67

3.10 Aspheric Surfaces 68

Chapter 4 Evaluation: How Good Is This Design? 71

4.1 The Uses of a Preliminary Evaluation 71

4.2 OPD versus Measures of Performance 71

4.3 Geometric Blur Spot Size versus Certain Aberrations 80

4.4 Interpreting MTF-The Modulation Transfer Function 82

4.5 Fabrication Considerations 83

Chapter 5 Lens Design Data 85

5.1 About the Sample Lens Designs 85

5.2 Lens Prescriptions, Drawings, and Aberration Plots 87

5.3 Estimating the Potential of a Redesign 92

5.4 Scaling a Design, Its Aberrations, and Its Modulation Transfer Function 96

5.5 Notes on the Interpretation of Ray Intercept Plots 98

5.6 Various Evaluation Plots 103

Chapter 6 Telescope Objectives 109

6.1 The Thin Airspaced Doublet 109

6.2 Merit Function for a Telescope Objective 110

6.3 The Design of an f/7 Cemented Doublet Telescope Objective 115

6.4 Spherochromatism 118

6.5 Zonal Spherical Aberration 123

6.6 Induced Aberrations 124

6.7 Three-Element Objectives 125

6.8 Secondary Spectrum (Apochromatic Systems) 125

6.9 The Design of an f/7 Apochromatic Triplet 133

6.10 The Diffractive Surface in Lens Design 145

6.11 A Final Note 150

Chapter 7 Eyepieces and Magnifiers 151

7.1 Eyepieces 151

7.2 A Pair of Magnifier Designs 155

7.3 The Simple, Classical Eyepieces 155

7.4 Design Story of an Eyepiece for a 6 x 30 Binocular 160

7.5 Four-Element Eyepieces 176

7.6 Five-Element Eyepieces 187

7.7 Very High Index Eyepiece/Magnifier 187

7.8 Six- and Seven-Element Eyepieces 200

Chapter 8 Cooke Triplet Anastigmats 201

8.1 Airspaced Triplet Anastigmats 201

8.2 Glass Choice 205

8.3 Vertex Length and Residual Aberrations 206

8.4 Other Design Considerations 209

8.5 A Plastic, Aspheric Triplet Camera Lens 215

8.6 Camera Lens Anastigmat Design "from Scratch"-The Cooke Triplet 223

8.7 Possible Improvements to Our "Basic" Triplet 234

8.8 The Rare Earth (Lanthanum) Glasses 236

8.9 Aspherizing the Surfaces 237

8.10 Increasing the Element Thickness 246

Chapter 9 Split Triplets 247

Chapter 10 The Tessar, Heliar, and Other Compounded Triplets 259

10.1 The Classic Tessar 259

10.2 The Heliar/Pentac 266

10.3 The Portrait Lens and the Enlarger Lens 266

10.4 Other Compounded Triplets 272

10.5 Camera Lens Anastigmat Design "from Scratch"-The Tessar and Heliar 272

Chapter 11 Double-Meniscus Anastigmats 297

11.1 Meniscus Components 297

11.2 The Hypergon, Topogon, and Metrogon 297

11.3 A Two Element Aspheric Thick Meniscus Camera Lens 299

11.4 Protar, Dagor, and Convertible Lenses 302

11.5 The Split Dagor 305

11.6 The Dogmar 305

11.7 Camera Lens Anastigmat Design "from Scratch"-The Dogmar Lens 305

Chapter 12 The Biotar or Double-Gauss Lens 319

12.1 The Basic Six-Element Version 319

12.2 Twenty-Eight Things That Every Lens Designer Should Know About the Double-Gauss/Biotar Lens 329

12.3 The Seven-Element Biotar-Split-Rear Crown 334

12.4 The Seven-Element Biotar-Broken Contact Front Doublet 340

12.5 The Seven-Element Biotar-One Compounded Outer Element 340

12.6 The Eight-Element Biotar 340

12.7 A "Doubled Double-Gauss" Relay 350

Chapter 13 Telephoto Lenses 355

13.1 The Basic Telephoto 355

13.2 Close-up or Macro Lenses 356

13.3 Telephoto Designs 358

13.4 Design of a 200-mm f/4 Telephoto for a 35-mm Camera "from Scratch" 367

Chapter 14 Reversed Telephoto (Retrofocus and Fish-Eye) Lenses 395

14.1 The Reversed Telephoto Principle 395

14.2 The Basic Retrofocus Lens 397

14.3 Fish-Eye, or Extreme Wide-Angle Reversed Telephoto, Lenses 402

Chapter 15 Wide-Angle Lenses with Negative Outer Elements 415

Chapter 16 The Petzval Lens; Head-up Display Lenses 423

16.1 The Petzval Portrait Lens 423

16.2 The Petzval Projection Lens 423

16.3 The Petzval with a Field Flattener 426

16.4 Very High Speed Petzval Lenses 429

16.5 Head-up Display (HUD) Lenses, Biocular Lenses, and Head/Helmet Mounted Display (HMD) Systems 437

Chapter 17 Microscope Objectives 441

17.1 General Considerations 441

17.2 Classical Objective Design Forms: The Aplanatic Front 442

17.3 Flat-Field Objectives 446

17.4 Reflecting Objectives 446

17.5 The Microscope Objective Designs 447

Chapter 18 Mirror and Catadioptric Systems 455

18.1 The Good and the Bad Points of Mirrors 455

18.2 The Classical Two-Mirror Systems 456

18.3 Catadioptric Systems 469

18.4 Aspheric Correctors and Schmidt Systems 473

18.5 Confocal Paraboloids 476

18.6 Unobscured Systems 476

18.7 Design of a Schmidt-Cassegrain "from Scratch" 482

Chapter 19 Infrared and Ultraviolet Systems 503

19.1 Infrared Optics 503

19.2 IR Objective Lenses 504

19.3 IR Telescopes 507

19.4 Laser Beam Expanders 511

19.5 Ultraviolet Systems 514

19.6 Microlithographic Lenses 514

Chapter 20 Zoom Lenses 521

20.1 Zoom Lenses 521

20.2 Zoom Lenses for Point and Shoot Cameras 526

20.3 A 20x Video Zoom Lens 539

20.4 A Zoom Scanner Lens 541

20.5 A Possible Zoom Lens Design Procedure 542

Chapter 21 Projection TV Lenses and Macro Lenses 551

21.1 Projection TV Lenses 551

21.2 Macro Lenses 553

Chapter 22 Scanner/f-[theta], Laser Disk and Collimator Lenses 561

22.1 Monochromatic Systems 561

22.2 Scanner Lenses 561

22.3 Laser Disk, Focussing, and Collimator Lenses 571

Chapter 23 Tolerance Budgeting 573

23.1 The Tolerance Budget 573

23.2 Additive Tolerances 578

23.3 Establishing the Tolerance Budget 583

Chapter 24 Formulary 587

24.1 Sign Conventions, Symbols, and Definitions 587

24.2 The Cardinal Points 588

24.3 Image Equations 590

24.4 Paraxial Ray Tracing (Surface by Surface) 592

24.5 Invariants 594

24.6 Paraxial Ray Tracing (Component by Component) 594

24.7 Two-Component Relationships 595

24.8 Third-Order Aberrations-Surface Contributions 596

24.9 Third-Order Aberrations-Thin Lens Contributions: The G-Sum Equations 598

24.10 Stop Shift Equations 600

24.11 Third-Order Aberrations-Contributions from Aspheric Surfaces 601

24.12 Conversion of Aberrations to Wavefront Deformation (Optical Path Difference) 601.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (page 621) and index.

ISBN:

0071438300

OCLC:

56324159