Principles of environmental geochemistry / G. Nelson Eby.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Eby, G. Nelson.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Environmental geochemistry.

Physical Description:

xiii, 514 pages : illustrations ; 29 cm

Place of Publication:

Pacific Grove, CA : Thomson-Brooks/Cole, [2004]

Contents:

The Atom 1

The Bohr Atom 1

Beyond the Bohr Atom

Quantum Mechanics 3

Ionization and Valences 6

Spectra and Elemental Analysis 7

The Nucleus 8

Chemical Bonding 8

Atomic and Molecular Weights 9

Measurement of Concentration 10

Types of Chemical Reactions 12

Determining and Balancing a Chemical Equation 13

Gases 15

Structure and Properties of Water 18

Box Models and Geochemical Cycles 20

2 Equilibrium Thermodynamics and Kinetics 27

The Laws of Thermodynamics 27

First Law of Thermodynamics 28

Second Law of Thermodynamics 28

Equilibrium Thermodynamics 29

Free Energy 30

Chemical Potential 30

Activity and Fugacity 30

The Equilibrium Constant 31

Henry's Law 32

Free Energies at Temperatures Other than 25[degree]C 33

Le Chatelier's Principle 35

Calculation of Activity Coefficients 36

Debye-Huckel Model 36

Truesdell-Jones Model 37

Pitzer Model 39

Why Do We Care about Activity-Coefficient Models? 39

Calculation of Activity Coefficients for Uncharged Species 39

Activity of Water 40

Aqueous Complexes 40

Measurement of Disequilbrium 41

Kinetics 42

Order of Reactions 42

The Arrhenius Equation 45

Nucleation 45

Dissolution and Growth 46

Water-Chemistry Computer Models 47

3 Acid-Base Equilibria 59

Definition of Acids and Bases 59

Acids 59

Bases 60

The Dissociation of Water and pH 61

pH of Natural Waters 62

Strong Acids 62

Weak Acids 63

Salts of Weak Acids and Strong Bases 71

Amphoteric Hydroxides 75

Acidity and Alkalinity 75

Acidity and Alkalinity Titrations 77

Buffers 80

Buffering Index for H2O 82

Buffering Index for a Weak Monoprotic Acid 83

Buffering Index for Weak Polyprotic Acids 84

Mineral-Water Reactions 84

Buffering Index for the Calcite-Carbonic Acid System 85

Buffering Index for Water-Silicate Mineral Systems 86

Buffering Capacities of Natural Waters 87

Mineral Reactivity 87

4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 94

Electrochemical Cells 94

Electromotive Series 95

Electromotive Force 95

Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations 97

The Nernst Equation and Eh 98

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and pe 100

Oxidation-Reduction Diagrams 101

Stability of Water 101

Constructing Eh-pH Diagrams 103

The Role of Microorganisms in Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 110

Microorganisms and Energy Pathways 111

Examples of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Mediated by Microorganisms 112

Oxidation-Reduction Processes in Natural Systems 114

Redox Buffering 116

Classification of Oxidation-Reduction Environments 118

Oxidative and Reductive Capacity 118

Oxidation-Reduction Ladders 119

The Redox Interface 121

5 Carbon Chemistry 129

Basic Structures and Naming of Organic Compounds 129

Formulas 129

Isomers 130

Hydrocarbons 130

Naming and Types of Hydrocarbon Compounds 131

Functional Groups 134

Organohalide Compounds 134

Organooxygen Compounds 136

Organonitrogen Compounds 136

Organosulfur Compounds 137

Organophosphorus Compounds 138

Esters 138

Polymers 139

Carbon Compounds in the Environment 139

Natural Sources 139

Anthropogenic Sources 140

Humic Substances 141

Soil and Marine Organic Matter 143

Soil Organic Matter 143

Marine Organic Matter 144

Fossil Fuels 146

Coals 146

Petroleum 147

Natural Carbon Inputs to Surface and Ground Waters 148

Anthropogenic Carbon Inputs to Surface and Ground Waters 150

Organic Carbon 150

Pesticides 150

Dioxins, PCBs, and Dibenzofurans (DFs) 152

PAHs 152

NAPLs 153

Geochemical and Biochemical Processes That Control the Concentration of Organic Chemicals in Water 156

Sorption/Partition 156

Precipitation 158

Volatilization 158

Oxidation-Reduction 159

Biological Processes 159

Degradation Half-life 159

6 Isotopes 165

Radioactive Isotopes 165

Basic Principles 165

Tritium Dating 169

Carbon-14 Dating 171

U-series Disequilibrium Methods of Dating 174

Radiogenic Isotopic Tracers 178

Stable Isotopes 181

Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes in Water 185

Carbon 189

Nitrogen 193

Sulfur 194

Mixing 196

Paleothermometry 197

7 Environmental Mineralogy 207

Definition of a Mineral 207

Types of Minerals 208

Crystal Chemistry 208

X-ray Crystallography 212

Basic Silicate Structures 214

Clay Minerals 215

Clay Mineral Structures 217

Ion-Exchange Properties

Origin 219

Determination 221

Zeolites 225

The Asbestos Minerals 227

Crystal Structures of Asbestos Minerals 228

Types of Asbestos and Their Uses 229

Health Effects of Asbestos Exposure 229

Crystalline and Amorphous Silica 233

Dissolution of Silica Minerals 233

Health Effects of Silica Exposure 235

Mineral-Microorganism Interactions 235

8 The Atmospheric Environment 243

Properties of the Earth's Atmosphere 243

Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere 243

Solar and Terrestrial Radiation 245

Atmospheric Circulation 247

Temperature and Water Vapor Variations 248

Air Pollution 251

Types of Air Pollutants 251

Aerosols 252

Smogs 253

Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change 253

Greenhouse Gases 255

Climate Change and the Geologic Record 262

Ozone 268

Stratospheric Ozone 268

Tropospheric Ozone 273

Radon 275

Rainwater Chemistry 278

Ionic Species 278

Gaseous Species 281

National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) 283

pH of Rainwater and Acid Rain 283

Chemistry and Sources of Atmospheric Particulates (Aerosols) 288

Types of Particulates 288

Removal of Particulates from the Atmosphere 289

Particulate Sampling 290

Air Mass Trajectories 290

Source Identification and Apportionment 291

Temporal Variations in Particulate Compositions 300

9 The Continental Environment 313

The Hydrologic Cycle 313

Weathering 314

Dissolution and Precipitation of Silica 317

Dissolution and Precipitation of Aluminum and Iron Hydroxides 318

Stability Diagrams 320

Geochemistry of Surface and Ground Waters 324

Variations in River and Groundwater Chemistry 324

Rivers 328

Groundwaters 331

Lakes 334

pH of Surface and Ground Waters 339

Adsorption-Desorption Processes 341

Adsorption of Metal Cations 342

Colloids 343

Isotherms and Partitioning of Species 344

Ion Exchange 345

Adsorption and Contaminant Transport 347

Complex Formation and Chelation 349

Metals 350

Metal Cycles 350

Acid Drainage 352

Heavy Metals 354

Radioactive Isotopes and Radioactive Waste Disposal 358

Nonmetals 364

Carbon 364

Halogens 365

Nitrogen 368

Phosphorus 369

Sulfur 371

10 The Marine Environment 387

Physical Aspects of the Open Ocean 387

Vertical Structure of the Ocean 388

Oceanic Circulation 388

Constancy of Composition and Salinity 392

Chemical Composition of the Open Ocean 393

Residence Time of Seawater Species 393

The Global Chemical Cycle for Seawater Species 394

Processes Controlling Seawater Composition 395

Seawater Chemistry 400

Seawater Alkalinity and Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) 401

Seawater pH 403

Speciation and Stoichiometric Equilibrium Constants 404

Seawater Buffers and Buffering Capacity 406

Inorganic and Organic Ligands in Seawater 407

Trace Metals in Marine Colloids 410

Trace Metals in Seawater 412

Types of Metal Distributions 414

Determination of Scavenging Rates 415

Geochemistry of Marine Sediments 416

Distribution of Deep-Sea Sediments 418

Authigenesis in Marine Sediments 421

Age of Seafloor Sediments 421

Methane Hydrates 422

The Marginal Marine Environment 423

Estuaries 424

Water Circulation in Semi-Isolated Basins 424

Flushing Time 426

Water Column Chemistry 428

Pore Water Chemistry 432

Sediment Chemistry 434

Appendix I. Electronic Structure and Valences of the

Elements 472

Appendix II. Standard State (298.15 K, 10[superscript 5] Pa) Thermodynamic Data 474

Appendix III. Ionic Radii in A for Different Charges and Coordination Numbers 490

Appendix IV. Piper Diagram for Water Chemistry Problems 494.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages 459-471) and index.

ISBN:

0122290615

OCLC:

50693404