Nanostructures & nanomaterials : synthesis, properties & applications / Guozhong Cao.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Cao, Guozhong.

Contributor:

Anne and Joseph Trachtman Memorial Book Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Nanostructures.

Nanostructured materials.

Nanotechnology.

Nanoscience.

Physical Description:

xiv, 433 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm

Other Title:

Nanostructures and nanomaterials

Place of Publication:

London : Imperial College Press ; River Edge, NJ : Distributed by World Scientific Pub. Co., [2004]

Contents:

1.2. Emergence of Nanotechnology 4

1.3. Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches 7

1.4. Challenges in Nanotechnology 10

2. Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces 15

2.2. Surface Energy 17

2.3. Chemical Potential as a Function of Surface Curvature 26

2.4. Electrostatic Stabilization 32

2.4.1. Surface charge density 32

2.4.2. Electric potential at the proximity of solid surface 33

2.4.3. Van der Waals attraction potential 36

2.4.4. Interactions between two particles: DLVO theory 38

2.5. Steric Stabilization 42

2.5.1. Solvent and polymer 43

2.5.2. Interactions between polymer layers 45

2.5.3. Mixed steric and electric interactions 47

3. Zero-Dimensional Nanostructures: Nanoparticles 51

3.2. Nanoparticles through Homogeneous Nucleation 53

3.2.1. Fundamentals of homogeneous nucleation 53

3.2.2. Subsequent growth of nuclei 58

3.2.2.1. Growth controlled by diffusion 59

3.2.2.2. Growth controlled by surface process 59

3.2.3. Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles 63

3.2.3.1. Influences of reduction reagents 67

3.2.3.2. Influences by other factors 69

3.2.3.3. Influences of polymer stabilizer 72

3.2.4. Synthesis of semiconductor nanoparticles 74

3.2.5. Synthesis of oxide nanoparticles 81

3.2.5.1. Introduction to sol-gel processing 82

3.2.5.2. Forced hydrolysis 85

3.2.5.3. Controlled release of ions 87

3.2.6. Vapor phase reactions 88

3.2.7. Solid state phase segregation 89

3.3. Nanoparticles through Heterogeneous Nucleation 93

3.3.1. Fundamentals of heterogeneous nucleation 93

3.3.2. Synthesis of nanoparticles 95

3.4. Kinetically Confined Synthesis of Nanoparticles 96

3.4.1. Synthesis inside micelles or using microemulsions 96

3.4.2. Aerosol synthesis 98

3.4.3. Growth termination 99

3.4.4. Spray pyrolysis 100

3.4.5. Template-based synthesis 101

3.5. Epitaxial Core-Shell Nanoparticles 101

4. One-Dimensional Nanostructures: Nanowires and Nanorods 110

4.2. Spontaneous Growth 111

4.2.1. Evaporation (dissolution)-condensation growth 112

4.2.1.1. Fundamentals of evaporation (dissolution)-condensation growth 112

4.2.1.2. Evaporation-condensation growth 119

4.2.1.3. Dissolution-condensation growth 123

4.2.2. Vapor (or solution)-liquid-solid (VLS or SLS) growth 127

4.2.2.1. Fundamental aspects of VLS and SLS growth 127

4.2.2.2. VLS growth of various nanowires 131

4.2.2.3. Control of the size of nanowires 134

4.2.2.4. Precursors and catalysts 138

4.2.2.5. SLS growth 140

4.2.3. Stress-induced recrystallization 142

4.3. Template-Based Synthesis 143

4.3.1. Electrochemical deposition 144

4.3.2. Electrophoretic deposition 151

4.3.3. Template filling 157

4.3.3.1. Colloidal dispersion filling 158

4.3.3.2. Melt and solution filling 160

4.3.3.3. Chemical vapor deposition 161

4.3.3.4. Deposition by centrifugation 161

4.3.4. Converting through chemical reactions 162

4.4. Electrospinning 164

4.5. Lithography 165

5. Two-Dimensional Nanostructures: Thin Films 173

5.2. Fundamentals of Film Growth 174

5.3. Vacuum Science 178

5.4. Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) 182

5.4.1. Evaporation 183

5.4.2. Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) 185

5.4.3. Sputtering 186

5.4.4. Comparison of evaporation and sputtering 188

5.5. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 189

5.5.1. Typical chemical reactions 189

5.5.2. Reaction kinetics 190

5.5.3. Transport phenomena 191

5.5.4. CVD methods 194

5.5.5. Diamond films by CVD 197

5.6. Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) 199

5.7. Superlattices 204

5.8. Self-Assembly 205

5.8.1. Monolayers of organosilicon or alkylsilane derivatives 208

5.8.2. Monolayers of alkanethiols and sulfides 210

5.8.3. Monolayers of carboxylic acids, amines and alcohols 212

5.9. Langmuir-Blodgett Films 213

5.10. Electrochemical Deposition 218

5.11. Sol-Gel Films 219

6. Special Nanomaterials 229

6.2. Carbon Fullerenes and Nanotubes 230

6.2.1. Carbon fullerenes 230

6.2.2. Fullerene-derived crystals 232

6.2.3. Carbon nanotubes 232

6.3. Micro and Mesoporous Materials 238

6.3.1. Ordered mesoporous structures 239

6.3.2. Random mesoporous structures 245

6.3.3. Crystalline microporous materials: zeolites 249

6.4. Core-Shell Structures 257

6.4.1. Metal-oxide structures 257

6.4.2. Metal-polymer structures 260

6.4.3. Oxide-polymer structures 261

6.5. Organic-Inorganic Hybrids 263

6.5.1. Class I hybrids 263

6.5.2. Class II hybrids 264

6.6. Intercalation Compounds 266

6.7. Nanocomposites and Nanograined Materials 267

7. Nanostructures Fabricated by Physical Techniques 277

7.2. Lithography 278

7.2.1. Photolithography 279

7.2.2. Phase-shifting photolithography 283

7.2.3. Electron beam lithography 284

7.2.4. X-ray lithography 287

7.2.5. Focused ion beam (FIB) lithography 288

7.2.6. Neutral atomic beam lithography 290

7.3. Nanomanipulation and Nanolithography 291

7.3.1. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) 292

7.3.2. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) 294

7.3.3. Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) 296

7.3.4. Nanomanipulation 298

7.3.5. Nanolithography 303

7.4. Soft Lithography 308

7.4.1. Microcontact printing 308

7.4.2. Molding 310

7.4.3. Nanoimprint 310

7.4.4. Dip-pen nanolithography 313

7.5. Assembly of Nanoparticles and Nanowires 314

7.5.1. Capillary forces 315

7.5.2. Dispersion interactions 316

7.5.3. Shear force assisted assembly 318

7.5.4. Electric-field assisted assembly 318

7.5.5. Covalently linked assembly 319

7.5.6. Gravitational field assisted assembly 319

7.5.7. Template-assisted assembly 319

7.6. Other Methods for Microfabrication 321

8. Characterization and Properties of Nanomaterials 329

8.2. Structural Characterization 330

8.2.1. X-ray diffraction (XRD) 331

8.2.2. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) 333

8.2.3. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 336

8.2.4. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 338

8.2.5. Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) 340

8.2.6. Gas adsorption 343

8.3. Chemical Characterization 344

8.3.1. Optical spectroscopy 345

8.3.2. Electron spectroscopy 349

8.3.3. Ionic spectrometry 350

8.4. Physical Properties of Nanomaterials 352

8.4.1. Melting points and lattice constants 353

8.4.2. Mechanical properties 357

8.4.3. Optical properties 362

8.4.3.1. Surface plasmon resonance 362

8.4.3.2. Quantum size effects 367

8.4.4. Electrical conductivity 371

8.4.4.1. Surface scattering 371

8.4.4.2. Change of electronic structure 374

8.4.4.3. Quantum transport 375

8.4.4.4. Effect of microstructure 379

8.4.5. Ferroelectrics and dielectrics 380

8.4.6. Superparamagnetism 382

9. Applications of Nanomaterials 391

9.2. Molecular Electronics and Nanoelectronics 392

9.3. Nanobots 394

9.4. Biological Applications of Nanoparticles 396

9.5. Catalysis by Gold Nanoparticles 397

9.6. Band Gap Engineered Quantum Devices 399

9.6.1. Quantum well devices 399

9.6.2. Quantum dot devices 401

9.7. Nanomechanics 402

9.8. Carbon Nanotube Emitters 404

9.9. Photoelectrochemical Cells 406

9.10. Photonic Crystals and Plasmon Waveguides 409

9.10.1. Photonic crystals 409

9.10.2. Plasmon waveguides 411

1. Periodic Table of the Elements 419

2. The International System of Units 420

3. List of Fundamental Physical Constants 421

4. The 14 Three-Dimensional Lattice Types 422

5. The Electromagnetic Spectrum 423

6. The Greek Alphabet 424.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Anne and Joseph Trachtman Memorial Book Fund.

ISBN:

1860944159

OCLC:

55613967