Applied animal endocrinology / E. James Squires.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Squires, E. James.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Veterinary endocrinology.

Livestock--Reproduction.

Livestock.

Animals, Domestic--physiology.

Endocrinology.

Reproduction.

Medical Subjects:

Animals, Domestic--physiology.

Endocrinology.

Reproduction.

Physical Description:

xviii, 234 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm

Place of Publication:

Wallingford, Oxon ; Cambridge, Mass. : CABI Pub., [2003]

Contents:

1 Hormone and Receptor Structure and Function 1

What is a hormone? 1

Why are hormones necessary? 1

How do hormones function? 2

What effects are due to hormones? 3

How is hormone action selective? 4

Types of hormones 5

Location of endocrine glands 5

1.2 Synthesis, Release and Metabolism of Hormones 5

Synthesis of protein hormones 5

Synthesis of steroid hormones 7

Synthesis of eicosanoids 9

Synthesis of thyroid hormones 11

Hormone release 11

Metabolism and excretion of hormones 12

1.3 Receptors and Hormone Action 13

Extracellular receptors 13

Second messenger systems 14

Adenylate cyclase-cAMP-protein kinase A pathway 14

Guanyl cyclase-cGMP-dependent protein kinase pathway 15

Genomic actions of cAMP 16

Calcium-dependent phospholipase C-protein kinase C system 16

Interaction of cAMP and Ca[superscript 2+] pathways 18

Tyrosine kinase receptors: catalytic receptors 18

Cytokine receptors 20

Receptor serine kinase 20

Termination of hormone action 20

Intracellular receptors 20

Structural and functional domains of nuclear receptors 22

Binding sites of the hormone-receptor complex on DNA 22

Organization of nuclear chromatin and the nuclear matrix 23

Chromatin 23

Nuclear matrix 24

Identification of DNA regulatory sequences 25

Identification of DNA-binding proteins 26

Integration of peptide and steroid hormone actions 26

1.4 Pituitary-Hypothalamic Integration of Hormone Action 27

Structure-function relationship of pituitary and hypothalamus 27

Posterior pituitary hormones 28

Anterior pituitary hormones 28

Hypothalamic control of pituitary hormone secretion 29

Hypothalamic releasing and release-inhibiting hormones 30

Control of hormone release 31

2 Endocrine Methodologies 35

2.1 Methods for Studying Endocrine Function 35

Model systems 35

Whole animal model 35

Isolated organs or tissues 37

In vitro models 38

Use of inhibitors and agonists 39

Use of antibodies 40

Immune response 40

Detection and purification of antibodies 41

Monoclonal antibodies 41

Use of antibodies to identify the site of hormone synthesis or target tissue 42

2.2 Measurement of Hormones and Receptors 42

Assay of hormones 42

Types of hormone assays 43

Bioassays 43

Chemical assays 44

Liquid chromatography 45

Gas chromatography 46

Electrophoresis 47

Competitive binding assays 47

Assay requirements 47

Measurements of hormone-receptor binding 49

Competition binding 50

2.3 Methods for the Production of Hormones 51

Steroids and non-protein hormones 51

Protein and peptide hormones 52

Determination of amino-acid sequence 53

Peptide and protein synthesis 54

Non-peptide mimics of peptides 55

Production of recombinant proteins 56

2.4 Manipulation of Endocrine Function 57

Hormone delivery methods 57

Types of sustained-release devices 58

Pulsatile release of hormone 59

Hormone residues 60

Immunomodulation of hormone action 61

Types of immunoglobulins 61

Transgenic animals 62

Uses for transgenic animals 62

Production of transgenic animals 63

3 Manipulation of Growth and Carcass Composition 66

Effects on growth, feed efficiency and lean yield 67

3.2 Anabolic Steroids and Analogues 68

Mechanism of action 70

Direct effects 71

Indirect effects 72

Delivery systems 72

Safety issues 74

3.3 Use of Intact (Uncastrated) Male Pigs 75

Advantages and problems of intact male pigs 75

Effects of sex steroid hormones 76

Description of boar taint 77

Measurement of boar taint 78

Use of tainted meat in processed products 79

Metabolism of androstenone and skatole 80

Factors affecting boar taint 81

Diet and management 82

Genetic factors 82

Immunological methods to control boar taint 83

3.4 Somatotrophin 83

Control of ST release 85

Mechanism of action of ST 88

Direct effects 88

ST receptors 88

Metabolic effects 88

Indirect effects 89

Delivery/dose effects 89

Safety/quality aspects 90

3.5 [beta]-Adrenergic Agonists 90

Mechanism of action 91

[beta]-AA structures 91

[beta]-AA receptors 91

Physiological responses to [beta]-AA 93

Delivery/dose 94

Safety aspects 94

Alternative approaches for using growth promoters 95

3.6 Thyroid Hormones 96

Synthesis and metabolism 96

Metabolic effects 97

Effects on growth and development 98

3.7 Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 99

Mechanism of action 99

Linoleic acid, linolenic acid and [gamma]-linolenic acid 100

Applications 102

Conjugated linoleic acid 102

Metabolic effects of CLA isomers 103

Mechanism of action of CLA 104

CLA preparations 104

3.8 Leptin 105

Leptin receptors 105

Involvement in energy metabolism and reproduction 106

Direct effects 106

Applications 107

3.9 Cholecystokinin and Appetite 107

Mechanism of action 107

Applications 108

3.10 Antibiotics, Animicrobials and Other Factors 108

3.11 Dietary Chromium and Insulin 109

Insulin 109

Glucagon 110

Mechanisms of action 110

Physiological effects 111

Dose 111

Safety issues 112

3.12 Effects of Stress on Meat Quality 112

Pale, soft, exudative and dark, firm, dry meat 112

Porcine stress syndrome 114

Testing for PSS 115

Endocrine factors that affect PSS pigs and PSE pork 117

Manipulations to reduce the incidence of PSE 118

4 Endocrine Effects on Animal Products 124

4.1 Mammary Gland Development and Milk Production 124

Mammary gland development 124

Involution and the dry period 126

Model systems for studying mammary gland development and function 126

In vitro cell culture systems 126

Whole animal studies 126

Hormones and mammary gland development (mammogenesis) 127

Hormones and initiation of lactogenesis 128

Maintenance of lactation (galactopoiesis) 129

Hormonal effects 129

Milk removal 130

Effect of bST 130

Mechanism of action 131

Delivery 131

Safety concerns of bST use 132

Factors affecting milk composition 132

Milk protein 132

Milk fat 133

Metabolic diseases related to lactation 134

Ketosis 134

Milk fever 134

Hormones involved 134

Predisposing factors 135

Treatment and prevention 135

4.2 Egg Production 136

Sexual development 136

Hormonal effects 137

Genetic effects 137

Regulation of follicular development and egg production 138

Application 140

Eggshell formation 141

Shell matrix 142

Calcium metabolism 143

Applications 145

4.3 Wool Production and Endocrine Defleecing 145

Defleecing methods 145

Model systems used to study function of follicles 147

Growth factor effects on hair and wool follicles 147

Insulin-like growth factors 147

Fibroblast growth factors 148

Transforming growth factor-[beta] 149

EGF family of growth factors 149

EGF receptor 150

Effects of EGF on follicles 150

Other effects of EGF 151

Summary of growth factors affecting fibre growth 151

5 Endocrine Manipulation of Reproduction 154

5.1 Manipulation of Reproduction in Mammals 154

Sexual differentiation and maturation 154

Differentiation of the gonads and ducts 155

Differentiation of the brain 155

Sex differentiation in cattle, sheep and pigs 156

Sex-determining genes 157

Regulation of meiosis in germ cells 157

Regulation of the oestrous cycle 158

Overview of the oestrous cycle 159

Follicular development 159

Oestrus and ovulation 161

Luteal phase 161

Pregnancy 162

Parturition 162

Puberty and seasonality 162

Regulation of LH production 163

Regulation of steroidogenesis 164

Manipulation of the oestrous cycle 164

Hormone preparations for manipulating reproduction 165

Use of hormone agonists to control fertility 170

Methods for the detection of oestrus 171

Oestrus behaviour 171

Milk progesterone 172

Induction and synchronization of

oestrus 172

Strategies for synchronizing oestrus 173

Prostaglandin F[subscript 2alpha]-based systems 173

GnRH and the Ovsynch protocol 173

Progestin-based systems 174

Superovulation and embryo transfer 175

In vitro production of embryos 176

Maintenance of pregnancy 177

Induction of abortion/parturition 177

Postpartum interval 178

Cystic ovarian disease 178

Effects of nutrition 179

Effects of stress 179

Inducing puberty 180

Advancing cyclicity in seasonal breeders 180

5.2 Endocrine Manipulations in Aquaculture Fish 182

Control of reproduction 182

Sex reversal 182

Hormonal treatments for sex reversal 183

Indirect methods 183

Induction of spawning 185

Effects on growth and nutrient utilization 186

Applications 187

Stress and effects on the immune system 188

Applications 189

6 Effects on Animal Behaviour, Health and Welfare 192

6.1 Control of Broodiness in Poultry 192

Applications 193

6.2 Applications of Pheromones 194

Types of pheromones 194

Chemistry of pheromones 194

Pheromone production and release 195

Detection of pheromones 196

Vertebrate pheromones 196

Rodents 197

Pigs 198

Cattle 198

Sheep and goats 199

Fish 199

Other 199

Insect pheromones 200

Applications 202

Pest control 202

Population monitoring 202

Mating disruption 202

Mass trapping 203

Insect management 204

Reproduction control in mammals 204

6.3 Effects of Stress 204

What is stress? 204

Hormonal responses to stress 205

SA system 205

HPA axis 206

CRH and CRH receptors 207

Role of various hormones in stress responses 208

Assessment of stress 210

Behavioural and physiological measures 210

Hormonal measures 210

Issues related to sampling 211

Effects of stress on the immune system and disease resistance 212

Stress effects on the immune system 214

Effects on reproduction 215

Effects on growth performance 217

6.4 Endocrine Applications in Toxicology 218

Endocrine disruptors or modulators 218

Assessment of endocrine disruptor activity 219

In vitro assays 220

In vivo assays 220

Sources of endocrine disruptors 221

Plant-derived endocrine modulators 221

Xenobiotic endocrine modulators 223

Indirect mechanisms of action 224

Effects on hormone metabolism 224

Effects on thyroid function 225

Effects on adrenal function 225

Effects on CNS function and behaviour 225.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

0851995942

OCLC:

51637709