Understanding bacteria / Sheela Srivastava, P. S. Srivastava.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Srivastava, Sheela.

Contributor:

Srivastava, P. S. (Prem S.)

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Bacteria.

Bacteriology.

Physical Description:

xvii, 469 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm

Place of Publication:

Dordrecht ; Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers, [2003]

Contents:

Chapter 1 The Emergence of Bacteriology 1

1.1 The Science of Microbiology (Bacteriology) 1

1.2 Bacteria- The First Inhabitants of Earth 1

1.3 Discovery 2

1.4 Fall of Spontaneous Generation- Microbiology, an Experimental Science 3

1.5 Metabolic Versatility Recognized - Good vs Bad 5

1.6 Microbial Association with Diseases- Medical Microbiology 5

1.7 Bacteria Land up in Laboratory 6

1.8 Concept of Immunity 7

1.9 Agricultural Microbiology 9

1.10 The Science of Genetics and Biotechnology- Bacteria Hog the Limelight 9

1.11 Development of Physical and Biochemical Techniques 9

Chapter 2 Knowing Bacteria- Methods of Study 11

2.1 Microscopy 11

2.2 Availability of Material 14

2.3 Culture Media 14

2.3.1 Specific Media 17

2.3.2 Preparation of Culture Media 17

2.3.3 Pouring of Media 20

2.4 Inoculation 21

2.5 Incubation 21

2.6 Pure Culture 21

2.6.1 Streak Plate Method 21

2.6.2 Spread Plate Method 21

2.6.3 Pour Plate Method 23

2.7 Culturing Aerobic/Anaerobic Organisms 24

2.8 Enrichment Culture Techniques 25

2.9 Culture Storage and Preservation 26

2.10 Visual Observation 27

2.11 Study of Live Bacteria 27

2.12 Staining 28

Chapter 3 Domain Prokaryota-Taxonomic Delineations 33

3.1 Species Concept 33

3.2 Identification 33

3.2.1 Identification Key and Diognostic Tables 34

3.2.2 Whole Cell Fatty Acid Profile 36

3.4 Systems of Classification 39

3.5 Bergey's Manuals 40

3.6 Numerical Taxonomy 48

3.7 Genetic Analysis 49

3.7.1 Base Composition of DNA 49

3.7.2 Nucleic Acid Hybridization 51

3.8 RNA Fingerprinting (Molecular Phylogeny) 52

3.9 Phylogenetic Classification 56

3.9.1 Proteobacteria 56

3.9.2 Gram-Positive Bacteria 57

3.9.3 Cyanobacteria 57

3.9.4 The Spirochaetes 57

3.9.5 Gram-Negative Anaerobic Rods, Cytophagas and Flavobacteria (Superfamily V) 57

3.9.6 Green Sulphur Bacteria 57

3.9.7 Chlamydiae 57

3.9.8 Planctomyces and Relatives 57

3.9.9 Deinococcus and Relatives 58

3.9.10 The Green Non-Sulphur Bacteria and Relatives 58

3.9.11 Thermotoga and Relatives, and Other Divisions 58

3.9.12 Aquificales 58

3.10 Archaea 58

Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Organization 61

4.1 Shape and Arrangement 61

4.2 Size 63

4.3 Cell Structure 64

4.3.1 Surface Layers (capsule and slime layers) 64

4.3.2 Appendages 65

4.3.3 Cell Wall 66

4.3.4 Cytoplasmic Membrane 71

4.3.5 Locomotory Organs 72

4.3.6 Cytoplasm 76

4.3.7 Ribosomes 76

4.3.8 Photosynthetic Membrane Systems 77

4.3.9 Inclusions and Storage Products 77

4.3.10 Gas Vesicles 79

4.3.11 Nucleoid 80

4.3.12 Chromosome 81

4.3.13 Plasmids 90

Chapter 5 Bacteria and Life Processes- I Growth and Multiplication 97

5.1 Population Growth 97

5.2 Measurement of Growth 98

5.2.1 Total Cell Count 98

5.2.2 Viable Cell Count 101

5.2.3 Cell Mass 102

5.3 Growth Cycle 102

5.4 Diauxic Growth 104

5.5 Arithmatic or Linear Growth 104

5.6 Growth of Bacterial Culture 104

5.6.1 Batch Culture 106

5.6.2 Continuous Culture 106

5.6.3 Synchronous Culture 108

5.7 Growth on Solid Media 110

5.8 Effect of Environmental Factors on Growth 110

5.8.1 Nutrient Concentration 110

5.8.2 Temperature 111

5.8.3 Oxygen concentration (Reduction Potential) 114

5.8.4 Redox Potential 115

5.8.5 Water Activity 116

5.8.6 Pressure 116

5.8.7 Acidity and pH 117

5.8.8 Light 119

5.9 Molecular Mechanism of Growth 119

5.9.1 Nuclear Division 119

5.9.2 Cell Division 126

5.10 Reproduction 130

5.10.1 Asexual Reproduction 130

5.10.2 Sexual Reproduction 135

5.11 Control of Microbial Growth 135

5.11.1 Physical Control 136

5.11.2 Chemical Control 137

5.11.3 Preservatives 148

Chapter 6 Bacteria and Life Processes-II Metabolism 151

II-A- Generation of Cellular Energy 151

6.1 Respiration 153

6.1.1 Glycolysis 155

6.1.2 Lipid Conversion 159

6.1.3 Protein Catabolism 160

6.1.4 Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) 160

6.1.5 Oxidative Phosphorylation 162

6.2 Fermentation 164

6.3 Chemoautotrophy (Chemolithotrophy) 166

6.3.1 Hydrogen Oxidation 166

6.3.2 Sulphur Oxidation 166

6.3.3 Iron Oxidation 169

6.3.4 Ammonium and Nitrite Oxidation -Nitrification 169

6.3.5 Methanogenesis 169

6.4 Photoautotrophy 169

6.4.1 Oxygenic Photosynthesis 170

6.4.2 Anoxygenic Photosynthesis 170

II-B- Biosynthesis of Cellular Building Blocks 172

6.5 Carbon Dioxide Fixation 176

6.5.1 Calvin Cycle 177

6.5.2 Reductive Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 177

6.5.3 Hydroxypropionate Pathway 177

6.5.4 C[subscript 4] Pathway 179

6.5.5 Assimilation of organic C[subscript 1] Compounds 179

6.5.6 Ribulose Monophosphate Shunt 180

6.5.7 Serine Pathway 180

6.5.8 Methylotrophy 180

6.6 Carbohydrate Biosynthesis 180

6.6.1 Gluconeogenesis 180

6.6.2 Glyoxylate Cycle 182

6.7 Polysaccharide Biosynthesis 182

6.8 Lipid Biosynthesis 184

6.8.1 Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids 185

6.9 Biosynthesis of Amino Acids 185

6.10 Purine and Pyrimidine Biosynthesis 187

II-C- Biosynthesis of Cellular Macromolecular Constituents 188

6.11 Peptidoglycan Biosynthesis 191

6.12 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Biosynthesis 191

6.13 Biosynthesis of Phospholipids 193

6.14 Biosynthesis of Poly-[beta]-Hydroxybutyric Acid (PHB) 193

6.15 Biosynthesis of Proteins 193

6.16 Analysis of Gene Expression 202

6.17 DNA and RNA Synthesis 204

II-D- Regulation of Metabolism 204

6.18 Feedback Inhibition 205

6.19 Regulation of Gene Expression 205

6.19.1 Inducible Enzymes 205

6.19.2 Repressible Enzymes 212

6.19.3 Transcriptional Attenuation 215

6.20 Translational Control 215

6.21 Developmental Regulation - Quorum Sensing and Cross Talking 220

6.22 The Stringent Response 220

6.23 Global Regulatory Mechanisms 221

Chapter 7 Bacteria As Model Systems in Genetic Analysis 223

7.1 Why Microbes? 223

7.2 Generation of Biological Variation (Mutation) 223

7.2.1 Induced Mutagenesis 225

7.2.2 Insertion Mutations 229

7.2.3 Mutagenicity Testing 229

7.2.4 Analysis of Mutations 230

7.3 Mechanism of Gene Transfer 233

7.3.1 Conjugation 233

7.3.2 Transformation 248

7.3.3 Transduction 255

7.4 Transposable Elements 264

7.4.1 Identification 265

7.4.2 Transposition 270

7.4.3 Conjugative Transposon 273

7.5 Genetic Engineering 273

7.5.1 Availability of Gene of Choice 274

7.5.2 Vector 279

7.5.3 Combining the "Foreign" and Vector DNA (r-DNA Formation) 287

7.5.4 Introduction of Recombinant Plasmid/Phage 292

7.5.5 Identification of Recombinant Molecule 292

7.5.6 Detection of Cloned Gene Product 295

7.5.7 Applications of Genetic Engineering 298

7.5.8 Synthesis of Cloned Gene Product 298

Chapter 8 Bacteria in Nature 305

8.1 Community Interactions 305

8.1.1 Commensalism 306

8.1.2 Cometabolism 306

8.1.3 Epiphytes 307

8.1.4 Synergism 307

8.1.5 Syntrophism 307

8.1.6 Rhizospheric Effect 307

8.1.7 Mutualism 308

8.1.8 Competition 309

8.1.9 Amenalism 309

8.1.10 Predation 309

8.1.11 Parasitism 309

8.2 Non-culturable Bacteria 309

8.2.1 Most Probable Number 310

8.3 Ecological Contributions 310

8.3.I Biogeochemical Cycles 310

8.3.II Nitrogen Fixation 318

8.3.III Environmental Restoration 336

8.3.IV Bacterial Diseases of Plants 342

Chapter 9 Bacteria and Humans 347

9.I Bacterial Pathogenicity 347

9.I-1 Invasiveness 348

9.I-2 Avoidance of Host Immune Defenses 350

9.I-3 Dysfunctional Immune Reactions 351

9.I-4 Bacterial Toxins 351

9.I-5 Biological Warfare 352

9.I-6 Host Defense Mechanisms 353

9.II Bacteria and Food 374

9.II-1 Fermented Products 374

9.II-2 Alcoholic Beverages 376

9.II-3 Vinegar 376

9.II-4 Fermented Vegetables 377

9.II-5 Single Cell Protein 377

9.II-6 Food Supplements 377

9.III Bacteria and Industry 378

9.III-1 Pharmaceuticals 378

9.III.2 Steroids 379

9.III-3 Vaccines 379

9.III.4 Human Proteins 379

9.III-5 Industrial Chemicals 380

9.III-6 Microbial Enzymes 380

9.IV Solvents and Fuels 381

9.V Bacteria and Resource Recycling and Management 385

9.V-1 Biomass Recycling 386

9.V-2 Minerals and Metals 388

9.V-3 Recovery of Oil 390

9.VI Bacteria and Environment 390

9.VI-1 Bioremediation 390

9.VI-2 Biodegradable Polymers 391

9.VI-3 Biopesticides 392

9.VII Bacteria and Agriculture 393

9.VII-1 Plant Biotechnology 393

9.VIII Microbial Biodeterioration and Spoilage 398

9.VIII-1 Food 398

9.VIII-2 Food Poisoning 399

9.VIII-3 Paper 400

9.VIII-4 Wood 401

9.VIII-5 Textiles 401

9.VIII-6 Paints 401

9.VIII-7 Metals 401

9.VIII-8 Fuels 402.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages 403-407) and index.

ISBN:

1402016336

OCLC:

53231924