Radiation exposure and image quality in x-ray diagnostic radiology : physical principles and clinical applications / Horst Aichinger ... [and others].

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Aichinger, H. (Horst), 1935-

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Radiography, Medical--Image quality.

Radiography, Medical.

Radiation dosimetry.

Radiography, Medical--Safety measures.

Medical physics.

Radiology--standards.

Technology, Radiologic--standards.

Radiometry--standards.

Medical Subjects:

Radiology--standards.

Technology, Radiologic--standards.

Radiometry--standards.

Physical Description:

viii, 212 pages : illustrations ; 29 cm + 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.)

Place of Publication:

Berlin ; New York : Springer, [2004]

System Details:

System requirements for accompanying CD-ROM, Windows: Intel Pentium processor 486 or higher; Microsoft Windows 95 OSR 2.0, Windows NT 4.0 with Service Pack 5, Windows 2000, or Windows XP (recommended upgrade procedure); 64 MB of RAM; 24 MB of available hard-disk space; Microsoft Excel 97 (the installer of the Excel 97 viewer is on the CD-ROM).

System requirements for accompanying CD-ROM, Macintosh: Power PC processor; Mac OS software version 8.6, 9.0.4, 9.1, or Mac OS X; 64 MB of RAM; 24 MB of available hard-disk space.

Summary:

Accompanying CD-ROM contains ... "a comprehensive database in the form of Excel files: X-ray spectra for general diagnostics and mammography, interaction coefficients of the most important elements, compounds and mixtures, characteristics of the primary and the imaging radiation field, data from various anti-scatter grids, dosimetric data, which are needed for the evaluation of patient dose, and further helpful information." -- p. [4] of cover.

Contents:

Part II Physical Principles 5

II.1 Production and Measurement of X-rays 7

II.1.1 Production 7

II.1.2 Measuring Photon Spectra of Diagnostic X-rays 11

II.1.2.1 X-ray Spectrometer 11

II.1.2.2 Measuring 12

II.1.2.3 Corrections for Detector Influences 12

II.1.2.4 Preparing for Calculations with X-ray Spectra 13

II.2 Interaction of Photons with Matter 15

II.2.1 Exponential Law of Attenuation 15

II.2.2 Interaction Processes 15

II.2.2.1 Compton Effect 16

II.2.2.2 Photoelectric Effect 18

II.2.2.3 Rayleigh Scattering 20

II.2.3 Total Coefficients for Attenuation, Energy Transfer and Energy Absorption 20

II.3 Radiation Field and Dosimetric Quantities 27

II.3.1 General Radiation Field Characteristics 27

II.3.2 Characteristics of the Radiation Field in X-ray Diagnostic Radiology 29

II.3.3 Dosimetric Quantities for the Description of Radiation Exposure 30

II.3.4 Effect of Filtration 31

II.4 Penetration of X-rays 35

II.4.1 Attenuation by the Patient 36

II.4.1.1 Simulation of Attenuation by the Patient 36

II.4.1.2 Basis of Exposure Tables 38

II.4.2 Attenuation by the Patient Support and the Components of the Spot-Film Device 39

II.4.2.1 Patient Support 40

II.4.2.2 Antiscatter Grid 40

II.4.2.3 Ionisation Chamber 40

II.4.2.4 Geometry 41

II.4.3 Important Differences Between Over-Table and Under-Table X-ray Units 43

II.5 Scattered Radiation 45

II.5.1 Measurement of Scattered Radiation 45

II.5.2 Properties of Scattered Radiation 47

II.5.2.1 General X-ray Diagnostics 47

II.5.2.2 Mammography 48

II.5.3 Techniques to Reduce Scattered Radiation at the Image Receptor 49

II.5.3.1 Air-Gap Technique 49

II.5.3.2 Slot Technique 49

II.5.3.3 Antiscatter Grid 50

II.5.4 Quantities for the Description of the Characteristics of Grids 51

II.5.5 Derived Quantities for the Description of the Efficiency of Antiscatter Grids 52

II.5.6 Application Limits for Focused Grids 54

II.6 Image Receptors 57

II.6.1 Characteristics of Phosphor Screens 57

II.6.2 Digital Image Receptors 60

II.6.3 Automatic Exposure Control 61

II.6.3.1 Direct Technique 61

II.6.3.2 Fluoroscopy and Indirect Technique 62

II.6.4 Image Receptor Dose/Dose Rate (System Dose/Dose Rate) 63

II.7 Image Quality and Dose 69

II.7.1 Contrast 70

II.7.2 Sharpness 72

II.7.3 Noise 74

II.7.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 75

II.7.5 Detective Quantum Efficiency 76

II.7.6 Other Image-Quality Figures 77

II.7.7 Dependence of Image Quality on Exposure Parameters 79

Part III Clinical Applications 83

III.1 Evaluation of Dose to the Patient 85

III.1.1 Specific Dosimetric Quantities Used for Patient-Dose Evaluation 85

III.1.2 Quantities Influencing Patient Dose 85

III.1.3 Initial Dosimetric Quantities for the Estimation of Organ Doses 88

III.1.4 Determination of the Initial Dosimetric Quantities 88

III.1.4.1 Radiography 88

III.1.4.1.1 Determination of the Entrance Surface Air Kerma K[subscript E] from the Value K[subscript m], Measured at Focus Distance r[subscript m] 88

III.1.4.1.2 Determination of the Entrance Surface Air Kerma K[subscript E] from the Air Kerma-Area Product P[subscript F] 88

III.1.4.1.3 Determination of the Entrance Surface Air Kerma K[subscript E] from the Entrance Surface Dose K[subscript O] 89

III.1.4.1.4 Determination of the Entrance Surface Air Kerma K[subscript E] from the Radiation Output of an X-ray Tube Assembly Y[subscript 100] and the Radiographic Parameters 89

III.1.4.1.5 Determination of the Entrance Surface Air Kerma K[subscript E] from the Image Receptor Dose K[subscript B] or the Sensitivity of the Image Receptor S 89

III.1.4.2 Fluoroscopy 90

III.1.4.3 Mammography 90

III.1.4.4 Computed Tomography 90

III.1.5 Estimation of Organ Doses from the Initial Dosimetric Quantities 90

III.1.5.1 Estimation of Organ Doses H[subscript T] by the Use of Conversion Factors 91

III.1.5.1.1 Radiography and Fluoroscopy 91

III.1.5.1.2 Mammography 91

III.1.5.1.3 Computed Tomography 94

III.1.5.2 Estimation of the Absorbed Dose to an Organ D[subscript org] by the Use of Tissue-Air Ratios or Relative Depth Doses 94

III.1.6 Estimation of Effective Dose 96

III.1.7 Uncertainties in Patient-Dose Estimation 97

III.2 Scattered Radiation 99

III.2.1 Influence on Image Quality and Dose 99

III.2.2 The Various Types of Antiscatter Grids 100

III.2.2.1 Employment of Grids in Paediatrics 101

III.2.2.2 Employment of Grids in Mammography 104

III.2.2.3 Employment of Grids in Digital Radiography 105

III.3 Optimisation of Image Quality and Dose 109

III.3.1 Image-Quality Figure for General X-ray Diagnostics 109

III.3.2 Image-Quality Figure in Angiography 111

III.3.3 Image-Quality Figure in Mammography 112

Part IV Supplement 117

IV.1 X-ray Spectra 123

IV.1.1 General X-ray Diagnostics 123

IV.1.2 Mammography 130

IV.2 Interaction Coefficients 135

IV.2.1 Elements 135

IV.2.2 Compounds and Mixtures 139

IV.3 Characteristics of the Primary Radiation Beam 143

IV.3.1 General X-ray Diagnostics 143

IV.3.2 Mammography 166

IV.4 Characteristics of the Imaging Radiation Field 177

IV.4.1 General X-ray Diagnostics 177

IV.4.2 Mammography 190

IV.5.1 Penetration and Absorption of X-rays 193

IV.5.2 X-ray Detectors 193

IV.5.3 Image-Quality Figures 197

IV.6 Patient-Dose Estimation 199

IV.6.1 General X-ray Diagnostics 199

IV.6.2 Mammography 203.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

3540442871

OCLC:

51086870