Introduction to typology : the unity and diversity of language / Lindsay J. Whaley.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Whaley, Lindsay J.

Contributor:

Sabin W. Colton, Jr., Memorial Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Typology (Linguistics).

Linguistic universals.

Physical Description:

xxvi, 323 pages : illustrations ; 23 cm

Place of Publication:

Thousand Oaks, Calif. : Sage Publications, [1997]

Summary:

An overview of the major grammatical categories and constructions in the world's languages, Introduction to Typologyprovides a thorough and comprehensive coverage of typology in the areas of morphology and syntax, while underscoring the similarities and differences that underlie the vast array of human languages. Pedagogically sound, this introductory text includes a glossary and highlights and defines each new term as it appears. Each chapter concludes with a summary of new terminology and concepts as well as a list of additional, related readings. Introduction to Typology assumes neither prior knowledge of typology nor extensive background in linguistics, making it useful as a primary or supplementary text for a variety of courses, particularly those dealing with grammatical structure and linguistic universals.

Contents:

The World's Languages in Overview xvii

Part I Basics of Language Typology

1. Introduction to Typology and Universals 3

1.0. Defining "Typology" 7

2. A (Brief) History of Typology 18

1.0. Early Typologists 19

2.0. Revolutions in Typology 22

3. Issues of Method and Explanation 30

1.0. Types of Universals 31

1.1. Absolute Versus Nonabsolute Universals 31

1.2. Implicational Universals 32

2.0. A Problem in Determining Universals

The Database 36

3.0. Explaining Universals 43

4.0. Types of External Explanations 46

4.1. Discourse 46

4.2. Processing 47

4.3. Economy 48

4.4. Perception-Cognition 49

4.5. Iconicity 50

4. Basic Categories 54

1.0. Lexical Classes 56

1.1. Defining Lexical Classes 60

2.0. Semantic Roles 64

3.0. Grammatical Relations 67

3.1. Grammatical Relations as Universals 68

Part II Word Order Typology

5. Constituent Order Universals 79

1.0. Order of Clausal Constituents 80

2.0. Constituent Order Correlations 86

3.0. Branching Direction Theory 91

6. Determining Basic Constituent Order 96

1.0. Constituent Order Variation 96

2.0. Determining the Basic Order 100

2.1. Frequency 100

2.2. Markedness 102

2.3. Pragmatically Neutral Contexts 104

3.0. Further Issues 104

Part III Morphological Typology

7. Morphemes 111

1.0. Bound Versus Free Morphemes 112

2.0. Prefixes and Suffixes 114

2.1. Other Types of Affixation 117

3.0. Derivational Versus Inflectional Morphology 120

4.0. Affix Ordering 124

8. Morphological Typology 127

1.0. Languages as Morphological Types 128

1.3. The Relationship Between the Two Indices 135

1.4. Historical Change in Morphological Type 136

2.0. Types of Morphological Linkage Between Constituents 139

2.1. Government Versus Agreement 140

2.2. Head Versus Dependent Marking 141

2.3. Implications for Universals 144

2.4. Head Marking and Constituent Order 146

Part IV Encoding Relational and Semantic Properties of Nominals

9. Case and Agreement Systems 151

1.0. Marking of Grammatical Relations 152

1.1. Case and Agreement Hierarchies 153

1.2. S, A, and P 155

1.3. Split Case and Agreement Systems 160

2.0. Complexity of Case and Agreement Systems 164

2.1. Verb Agreement 164

2.2. Case Systems 166

10. Animacy, Definiteness, and Gender 170

1.0. Animacy Hierarchy 172

1.1. Reflexes of Animacy in Morphology and Syntax 174

1.2. Animacy Hierarchy as a Universal 178

2.0. Definiteness and Gender 179

11. Valence 183

1.0. Valence-Changing Devices 185

1.1. Valence-Decreasing Devices 185

1.2. Valence-Transposing Devices 189

1.3. Valence-Increasing Devices 190

2.0. Causatives 192

2.1. Direct Versus Indirect Causation 193

2.2. Indicating the Degree of Control Retained by the Causee 196

2.3. Permission Versus Causation 197

Part V Verbal Categories

12. Tense and Aspect 203

1.0. Tense 205

1.1. Strategies for Tense 206

1.2. Absolute Versus Relative Tense 209

2.0. Aspect 210

2.1. Aspect Versus Aktionsart 214

2.2. Nonverbal Effects on Aspect 216

13. Mood and Negation 219

1.0. Traditional Categories of Mood 220

1.1. Deontic Versus Epistemic Modality 223

1.2. Evidentials 224

1.3. Realis Versus Irrealis 225

2.0. Negation 226

2.1. Standard Negation Strategies 228

2.2. Secondary Modifications 229

2.3. Scope and Constituent Negation 231

14. Morphosyntax of Speech Acts 233

1.0. Encoding Declaratives 235

2.0. Encoding Imperatives 235

3.0. Encoding Interrogatives 237

3.1. Polar Questions 238

Part VI Complex Clauses

15. Subordination 247

1.0. Principal Types of Subordinate Clauses 247

1.1. Characteristics of Subordinate Clauses 248

2.0. Adverbial Clauses 250

2.1. Time 251

2.2. Location 252

2.3. Cause 252

2.4 Conditional 253

2.5. Concessive Clauses 254

2.6. Unspecified Relationship 254

3.0. Complement Clauses 255

3.1. The Complexity Continuum 256

4.0. Relative Clauses 259

4.1. Restrictive Versus Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses 260

4.2. Typological Variation in Relative Clauses 261

4.3. Additional Considerations 264

16. Coordination and Cosubordination 267

1.0. Coordination 269

1.1. Forms of Coordination 269

1.2. Range of Constituents in Coordination 272

1.3. Clause Reduction 273

2.0. Cosubordination 274

2.1. Serial Verbs 274

2.2. Switch Reference 276.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages 293-304) and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Sabin W. Colton, Jr., Memorial Fund.

ISBN:

080395963X

OCLC:

35360582