The order has been carried out : history, memory and meaning of a Nazi massacre in Rome / Alessandro Portelli.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Portelli, Alessandro.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Ardeatine Caves Massacre, Rome, Italy, 1944.

World War, 1939-1945--Atrocities--Italy--Rome.

World War, 1939-1945.

World War, 1939-1945--Prisoners and prisons, German.

Rome (Italy)--History--20th century.

Rome (Italy).

Physical Description:

329 pages : illustrations, map ; 25 cm

Edition:

First Palgrave Macmillan edition.

Place of Publication:

New York, N.Y. : Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.

Summary:

On march 24, 1944, nazi occupation forces killed 335 unarmed civilians in Rome in retaliation for a partisan attack the day before. The Order Has Been Carried Out is an eloquent, multi-voiced oral history of the massacre, of its background and its aftermath. The moving stories of the victims, of the women and children who survived and carried on, of the partisans who fought the Nazis, of the common people who lived through the tragedies of the war, paint a many-hued picture of more than a century in the history of one of the world's most richly historical cities. These compelling narratives, woven together by one of the foremost practitioners of oral history, tell of the struggles for freedom under Fascism and Nazism, of the battles for memory in Italy's postwar democracy, and of the meanings of death and grief in modern society.

Contents:

The Narrators

1. There Was No Request

2. The Sense of History in Rome

3. Context and Background

4. Where Stories Begin and End

5. Oral Sources

6. Creation and Use of Sources

7. The Time of Names

Part I Rome

2. Places and Times 23

1. Beginnings

2. The Magnet

3. Building Fever

4. The Heart of the State

5. Soldiers

6. In the Shadow of St. Peter's

7. Roman Hills

8. Portico d'Ottavia

9. Monuments: Testaccio, Trionfale ...

10. Via della Pelliccia

3. Twenty Years: Fascism and Its Discontents 51

1. Working-Class Worlds: San Lorenzo and the Valley of Hell

2. Historic Streets: Ponte, Regola, Tor di Nona ...

3. Students

4. Concentration Camps: Gordiani, Val Melaina, Primavalle ...

5. A Street in the Center: Via Rasella

4. Acts of War 71

1. Race Laws

2. Africa, Spain, Russia ...

3. War from the Air: San Lorenzo, July 19, 1943

4. Death and Rebirth of the Homeland: Porta San Paolo, September 8, 1943

5. Portico d'Ottavia, October 16, 1943

Part II The Fosse Ardeatine

5. Resistances 97

1. Incipit

2. Open City, Captive City

3. Let Them Know They're Not the Masters of Rome

4. Memories of War

5. Long Heroism: The Military Underground Front

6. Identities, Allegiances, Memory

7. Anzio, Forte Bravetta, via Tasso ...

6. Via Rasella 133

1. That Day

2. The Germans Who Sang

3. The Sleeping Dog: Cause and Effect

4. Lists, Posters, Orders, and other Missing Texts

5. Personal Responsibility and Collective Guilt

6. Politics of Time

7. Should We Have Turned Ourselves In?

8. What Was the Use?

7. The Massacre 173

1. The Jail

2. The Road

3. The Black Hole

4. Women Who Seek

5. Burying the Dead

6. Sacrifice, Martyrdom, Consecration?

Part III Memory

8. A Strange Grief: Death, Mourning and Survival in Rome 203

1. Survivors

2. Memory in Pieces

3. The Forms of Grief

9. Politics of Memory 231

1. Hunger and Anger

2. People of the borgate

3. Ceremonies

4. A Farewell to Arms: Resistances and Silences

5. Memory on the Right

6. The Arch of Titus

7. Retaliation and "Multiple Murder": The Twists and Turns of Judicial Memory

8. Failure of Justice

9. Gaeta, Celio, Bariloche

10. Failure of Justice, Again

10. Born Later 277

1. Movements

2. Fragments

3. Epilogue: La Storta.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages [301]-318) and index.

ISBN:

1403962081

OCLC:

51805025