RFID handbook : fundamentals and applications in contactless smart cards and identification / Klaus Finkenzeller ; translated by Rachel Waddington.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Finkenzeller, Klaus.

Contributor:

Rosengarten Family Fund.

Standardized Title:

RFID Handbuch. English

Language:

English

German

Subjects (All):

Inventory control--Automation.

Inventory control.

Radio frequency identification systems.

Smart cards.

Physical Description:

xviii, 427 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

Chichester, England ; Hoboken, N.J. : Wiley, [2003]

Contents:

1.1 Automatic Identification Systems 2

1.1.1 Barcode systems 2

1.1.2 Optical character recognition 3

1.1.3 Biometric procedures 4

1.1.3.1 Voice identification 4

1.1.3.2 Fingerprinting procedures (dactyloscopy) 4

1.1.4 Smart cards 5

1.1.4.1 Memory cards 5

1.1.4.2 Microprocessor cards 6

1.1.5 RFID systems 6

1.2 A Comparison of Different ID Systems 7

1.3 Components of an RFID System 7

2 Differentiation Features of RFID Systems 11

2.1 Fundamental Differentiation Features 11

2.2 Transponder Construction Formats 13

2.2.1 Disks and coins 13

2.2.2 Glass housing 14

2.2.3 Plastic housing 14

2.2.4 Tool and gas bottle identification 15

2.2.5 Keys and key fobs 17

2.2.6 Clocks 18

2.2.7 ID-1 format, contactless smart cards 18

2.2.8 Smart label 19

2.2.9 Coil-on-chip 20

2.2.10 Other formats 21

2.3 Frequency, Range and Coupling 22

2.4 Information Processing in the Transponder 23

2.4.1 Low-end systems 23

2.4.2 Mid-range systems 24

2.4.3 High-end systems 25

2.5 Selection Criteria for RFID Systems 25

2.5.1 Operating frequency 26

2.5.2 Range 26

2.5.3 Security requirements 27

2.5.4 Memory capacity 28

3 Fundamental Operating Principles 29

3.1 1-Bit Transponder 29

3.1.1 Radio frequency 30

3.1.2 Microwaves 33

3.1.3 Frequency divider 35

3.1.4 Electromagnetic types 36

3.1.5 Acoustomagnetic 37

3.2 Full and Half Duplex Procedure 40

3.2.1 Inductive coupling 41

3.2.1.1 Power supply to passive transponders 41

3.2.1.2 Data transfer transponder to reader 42

3.2.2 Electromagnetic backscatter coupling 47

3.2.2.1 Power supply to the transponder 47

3.2.2.2 Data transmission to reader 49

3.2.3 Close coupling 49

3.2.3.1 Power supply to the transponder 49

3.2.3.2 Data transfer transponder to reader 50

3.2.4 Electrical coupling 51

3.2.4.1 Power supply of passive transponders 51

3.2.4.2 Data transfer transponder to reader 53

3.2.5 Data transfer reader to transponder 53

3.3 Sequential Procedures 54

3.3.1 Inductive coupling 54

3.3.1.1 Power supply to the transponder 54

3.3.1.2 A comparison between FDX/HDX and SEQ systems 54

3.3.1.3 Data transmission transponder to reader 56

3.3.2 Surface acoustic wave transponder 57

4 Physical Principles of RFID Systems 61

4.1 Magnetic Field 61

4.1.1 Magnetic field strength H 61

4.1.1.1 Path of field strength H (x) in conductor loops 62

4.1.1.2 Optimal antenna diameter 65

4.1.2 Magnetic flux and magnetic flux density 66

4.1.3 Inductance L 67

4.1.3.1 Inductance of a conductor loop 68

4.1.4 Mutual inductance M 68

4.1.5 Coupling coefficient k 70

4.1.6 Faraday's law 71

4.1.7 Resonance 73

4.1.8 Practical operation of the transponder 78

4.1.8.1 Power supply to the transponder 78

4.1.8.2 Voltage regulation 78

4.1.9 Interrogation field strength H[subscript min] 80

4.1.9.1 Energy range of transponder systems 82

4.1.9.2 Interrogation zone of readers 84

4.1.10 Total transponder

reader system 86

4.1.10.1 Transformed transponder impedance Z'[subscript T] 88

4.1.10.2 Influencing variables of Z'[subscript T] 90

4.1.10.3 Load modulation 97

4.1.11 Measurement of system parameters 103

4.1.11.1 Measuring the coupling coefficient k 103

4.1.11.2 Measuring the transponder resonant frequency 105

4.1.12 Magnetic materials 106

4.1.12.1 Properties of magnetic materials and ferrite 107

4.1.12.2 Ferrite antennas in LF transponders 108

4.1.12.3 Ferrite shielding in a metallic environment 109

4.1.12.4 Fitting transponders in metal 110

4.2 Electromagnetic Waves 111

4.2.1 The generation of electromagnetic waves 111

4.2.1.1 Transition from near field to far field in conductor loops 112

4.2.2 Radiation density S 114

4.2.3 Characteristic wave impedance and field strength E 115

4.2.4 Polarisation of electromagnetic waves 116

4.2.4.1 Reflection of electromagnetic waves 117

4.2.5 Antennas 119

4.2.5.1 Gain and directional effect 119

4.2.5.2 EIRP and ERP 120

4.2.5.3 Input impedance 121

4.2.5.4 Effective aperture and scatter aperture 121

4.2.5.5 Effective length 124

4.2.5.6 Dipole antennas 125

4.2.5.7 Yagi-Uda antenna 127

4.2.5.8 Patch or microstrip antenna 128

4.2.5.9 Slot antennas 130

4.2.6 Practical operation of microwave transponders 131

4.2.6.1 Equivalent circuits of the transponder 131

4.2.6.2 Power supply of passive transponders 133

4.2.6.3 Power supply of active transponders 140

4.2.6.4 Reflection and cancellation 141

4.2.6.5 Sensitivity of the transponder 142

4.2.6.6 Modulated backscatter 143

4.2.6.7 Read range 145

4.3 Surface Waves 148

4.3.1 The creation of a surface wave 148

4.3.2 Reflection of a surface wave 150

4.3.3 Functional diagram of SAW transponders (Figure 4.95) 151

4.3.4 The sensor effect 153

4.3.4.1 Reflective delay lines 154

4.3.4.2 Resonant sensors 155

4.3.4.3 Impedance sensors 157

4.3.5 Switched sensors 159

5 Frequency Ranges and Radio Licensing Regulations 161

5.1.1 Frequency range 9-135 kHz 161

5.1.2 Frequency range 6.78 MHz 163

5.1.3 Frequency range 13.56 MHz 163

5.1.4 Frequency range 27.125 MHz 163

5.1.5 Frequency range 40.680 MHz 165

5.1.6 Frequency range 433.920 MHz 165

5.1.7 Frequency range 869.0 MHz 166

5.1.8 Frequency range 915.0 MHz 166

5.1.9 Frequency range 2.45 GHz 166

5.1.10 Frequency range 5.8 GHz 166

5.1.11 Frequency range 24.125 GHz 166

5.1.12 Selection of a suitable frequency for inductively coupled RFID systems 167

5.2 European Licensing Regulations 169

5.2.1 CEPT/ERC REC 70-03 169

5.2.1.1 Annex 1: Non-specific short range devices 170

5.2.1.2 Annex 4: Railway applications 171

5.2.1.3 Annex 5: Road transport and traffic telematics 172

5.2.1.4 Annex 9: Inductive applications 172

5.2.1.5 Annex 11: RFID applications 172

5.2.1.6 Frequency range 868 MHz 173

5.2.2 EN 300 330: 9 kHz-25 MHz 173

5.2.2.1 Carrier power

limit values for H field transmitters 173

5.2.2.2 Spurious emissions 175

5.2.3 EN 300 220-1, EN 300 220-2 175

5.2.4 EN 300 440 176

5.3 National Licensing Regulations in Europe 177

5.3.1 Germany 177

5.4 National Licensing Regulations 179

5.4.1 USA 179

5.4.2 Future development: USA-Japan-Europe 180

6 Coding and Modulation 183

6.1 Coding in the Baseband 184

6.2 Digital Modulation Procedures 186

6.2.1 Amplitude shift keying (ASK) 186

6.2.2 2 FSK 189

6.2.3 2 PSK 190

6.2.4 Modulation procedures with subcarrier 191

7 Data Integrity 195

7.1 The Checksum Procedure 195

7.1.1 Parity checking 195

7.1.2 LRC procedure 196

7.1.3 CRC procedure 197

7.2 Multi-Access Procedures

Anticollision 200

7.2.1 Space division multiple access (SDMA) 202

7.2.2 Frequency domain multiple access (FDMA) 204

7.2.3 Time domain multiple access (TDMA) 205

7.2.4 Examples of anticollision procedures 206

7.2.4.1 ALOHA procedure 206

7.2.4.2 Slotted ALOHA procedure 208

7.2.4.3 Binary search algorithm 212

8 Data Security 221

8.1 Mutual Symmetrical Authentication 221

8.2 Authentication Using Derived Keys 223

8.3 Encrypted Data Transfer 224

8.3.1 Stream cipher 225

9 Standardisation 229

9.1 Animal Identification 229

9.1.1 ISO 11784

Code structure 229

9.1.2 ISO 11785

Technical concept 230

9.1.2.1 Requirements 230

9.1.2.2 Full/half duplex system 232

9.1.2.3 Sequential system 232

9.1.3 ISO 14223

Advanced transponders 233

9.1.3.1 Part 1

Air interface 233

9.1.3.2 Part 2

Code and command structure 234

9.2 Contactless Smart Cards 236

9.2.1 ISO 10536

Close coupling smart cards 237

9.2.1.1 Part 1

Physical characteristics 238

9.2.1.2 Part 2

Dimensions and locations of coupling areas 238

9.2.1.3 Part 3

Electronic signals and

reset procedures 238

9.2.1.4 Part 4

Answer to reset and transmission protocols 239

9.2.2 ISO 14443

Proximity coupling smart cards 240

9.2.2.1 Part 1

Physical characteristics 240

9.2.2.2 Part 2

Radio frequency interference 240

9.2.2.3 Part 3

Initialisation and anticollision 245

9.2.2.4 Part 4

Transmission protocols 251

9.2.3 ISO 15693

Vicinity coupling smart cards 256

9.2.3.1 Part 1

Physical characteristics 256

9.2.3.2 Part 2

Air interface and initialisation 256

9.2.4 ISO 10373

Test methods for smart cards 260

9.2.4.1 Part 4: Test procedures for close coupling smart cards 261

9.2.4.2 Part 6: Test procedures for proximity coupling smart cards 261

9.2.4.3 Part 7: Test procedure for vicinity coupling smart cards 264

9.3 ISO 69873

Data Carriers for Tools and Clamping Devices 265

9.4 ISO 10374

Container Identification 265

9.5 VDI 4470

Anti-theft Systems for Goods 265

9.5.1 Part 1

Detection gates

inspection guidelines for customers 265

9.5.1.1 Ascertaining the false alarm rate 266

9.5.1.2 Ascertaining the detection rate 267

9.5.1.3 Forms in VDI 4470 267

9.5.2 Part 2

Deactivation devices, inspection guidelines for customers 268

9.6 Item Management 268

9.6.1 ISO 18000 series 268

9.6.2 GTAG initiative 269

9.6.2.1 GTAG transport layer (physical layer) 270

9.6.2.2 GTAG communication and application layer 271

10 The Architecture of Electronic Data Carriers 273

10.1 Transponder with Memory Function 273

10.1.1 HF interface 273

10.1.1.1 Example circuit

load modulation with subcarrier 274

10.1.1.2 Example circuit

HF interface for ISO 14443 transponder 276

10.1.2 Address and security logic 278

10.1.2.1 State machine 279

10.1.3 Memory architecture 280

10.1.3.1 Read-only transponder 280

10.1.3.2 Writable transponder 281

10.1.3.3 Transponder with cryptological function 281

10.1.3.4 Segmented memory 284

10.1.3.5 MIFARE application directory 286

10.1.3.6 Dual port EEPROM 289

10.2 Microprocessors 292

10.2.1 Dual interface card 293

10.2.1.1 MIFARE plus 295

10.2.1.2 Modern concepts for the dual interface card 296

10.3 Memory Technology 298

10.3.1 RAM 299

10.3.2 EEPROM 299

10.3.3 FRAM 300

10.3.4 Performance comparison FRAM

EEPROM 302

10.4 Measuring Physical Variables 302

10.4.1 Transponder with sensor functions 302

10.4.2 Measurements using microwave transponders 303

10.4.3 Sensor effect in surface wave transponders 305

11 Readers 309

11.1 Data Flow in an Application 309

11.2 Components of a Reader 309

11.2.1 HF interface 311

11.2.1.1 Inductively coupled system, FDX/HDX 312

11.2.1.2 Microwave systems

half duplex 313

11.2.1.3 Sequential systems

SEQ 314

11.2.1.4 Microwave system for SAW transponders 315

11.2.2 Control unit 316

11.3 Low Cost Configuration

Reader IC U2270B 317

11.4 Connection of Antennas for Inductive Systems 319

11.4.1 Connection using current matching 320

11.4.2 Supply via coaxial cable 322

11.4.3 The influence of the Q factor 325

11.5 Reader Designs 326

11.5.1 OEM readers 326

11.5.2 Readers for industrial use 327

11.5.3 Portable readers 328

12 The Manufacture of Transponders and Contactless Smart Cards 329

12.1 Glass and Plastic Transponders 329

12.1.1 Module manufacture 329

12.1.2 Semi-finished transponder 330

12.1.3 Completion 332

12.2 Contactless Smart Cards 332

12.2.1 Coil manufacture 333

12.2.2 Connection technique 336

12.2.3 Lamination 338

13 Example Applications 341

13.1 Contactless Smart Cards 341

13.2 Public Transport 342

13.2.1 The starting point 343

13.2.2 Requirements 344

13.2.2.1 Transaction time 344

13.2.2.2 Resistance to degradation, lifetime, convenience 344

13.2.3 Benefits of RFID systems 345

13.2.4 Fare systems using electronic payment 346

13.2.5 Market potential 346

13.2.6 Example projects 347

13.2.6.1 Korea

seoul 347

13.2.6.2 Germany

Luneburg, Oldenburg 349

13.2.6.3 EU Projects

ICARE and CALYPSO 350

13.3 Ticketing 354

13.3.1 Lufthansa miles & more card 354

13.3.2 Ski tickets 356

13.4 Access Control 357

13.4.1 Online systems 357

13.4.2 Offline systems 358

13.4.3 Transponders 360

13.5 Transport Systems 361

13.5.1 Eurobalise S21 361

13.5.2 International container transport 363

13.6 Animal Identification 364

13.6.1 Stock keeping 364

13.6.2 Carrier pigeon races 367

13.7 Electronic Immobilisation 371

13.7.1 The functionality of an immobilisation system 372

13.7.2 Brief success story 375

13.7.3 Predictions 376

13.8 Container Identification 376

13.8.1 Gas bottles and chemical containers 376

13.8.2 Waste disposal 378

13.9 Sporting Events 379

13.10 Industrial Automation 381

13.10.1 Tool identification 381

13.10.2 Industrial production 385

13.10.2.1 Benefits from the use of RFID systems 387

13.10.2.2 The selection of a suitable RFID system 388

13.10.2.3 Example projects 389

13.11 Medical Applications 392

14.1 Contact Addresses, Associations and Technical Periodicals 394

14.1.1 Industrial associations 394

14.1.2 Technical journals 398

14.1.3 RFID on the internet 399

14.2 Relevant Standards and Regulations 400

14.2.1 Sources for standards and regulations 405

14.4 Printed Circuit Board Layouts 412

14.4.1 Test card in accordance with ISO 14443 412

14.4.2 Field generator coil 413.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Rosengarten Family Fund.

ISBN:

0470844027

OCLC:

51242225