Indian Ocean migrants and state formation in Hadhramaut : reforming the homeland / by Ulrike Freitag.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Freitag, Ulrike.

Series:

Social, economic, and political studies of the Middle East and Asia ; v. 87.

Social, economic and political studies of the Middle East and Asia ; v. 87

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Ḥaḍramawt (Yemen : Province)--Emigration and immigration--History.

Ḥaḍramawt (Yemen : Province).

Ḥaḍramawt (Yemen : Province)--Politics and government.

Physical Description:

xv, 589 pages : illustrations, maps ; 25 cm.

Place of Publication:

Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2003.

Contents:

An entrepreneurial diaspora 2

Sojourning merchants: core of an economic bourgeoisie? 7

Islah: modernisation or modernity? 10

A civil society in the making? 17

Imperialism and non-European modernity 20

Literature and sources 26

Chapter 1 The setting: Hadhramaut and the diaspora in the 19th century 38

Hadhramaut and its population 38

Hadhramis in the world: an Indian Ocean diaspora 46

An outline of political developments in the 19th century 61

The British in Aden and beyond 77

Chapter 2 Scholars, mystics and merchants: reformers and politicians in early and mid-19th century Wadi Hadhramaut 89

The Tariqa Alawiyya and religious learning in Hadhramaut until the 1880s 91

Scholars and community leaders: lives and careers of early 19th century reformers 96

Ahmad b. Ali al-Junayd (1783-1858): scholar, traveller and man of wealth 98

Other leading notables in the first half of the 19th century 108

Notables as reformers and political leaders (c. 1790s-1840s) 120

The reform ideas of a Sufi: Ahmad b. `Umar b. Zayn b. Sumayt 120

Steps towards change: political initiatives of the Hadhrami notables 128

Chapter 3 Sultans, notables and dawla: approaches to state building in Kathiri and Quayti lands (1840s-1920s) 137

State-building and notables: the Kathiri sultanate 137

Sultans as dawla: Quayti conceptions of rule 149

Institutions of the Quayti dawla 155

Taxation and state-led development in the Quayti domains until the 1920s 165

The search for allies in World War I: Between the Ottomans and the British 174

Chapter 4 Hadhrami migrants and reform in the Muslim world (c. 1860s-1920s) 186

International Hadhrami networks in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries 187

A travelling merchant, scholar and teacher: Sayyid Abu Bakr b. Shihab al-Din (1846-1922) 187

Sayyid Abu Bakr's career in a comparative perspective 191

Change in the Muslim world (c. 1860s-1920s) 197

The Hijaz: centre of learning and international crossroads 199

Istanbul 208

The Syrian Cities 213

Cairo 215

Hyderabad 217

Europe and Japan 220

Chapter 5 The Hadhrami 'renaissance' in South East Asia (1880s-1930s) 226

Reform and nationalism in the Malay world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries 226

The emergence of a Hadhrami 'bourgeoisie' in South East Asia 233

Educational reform and the split in the community 243

The development of an Arab press in the Netherlands East Indies 258

The emergence of a Hadhrami intelligentsia in South East Asia 269

Chapter 6 Social criticism and reform in Hadhramaut, 1880s-mid 1930s 277

The reform of religious education in Wadi Hadhramaut 277

Associations and schools: the organisational structure of reform 289

Merchants or sultans? Jamiyyat al-Haqq and the administration of Tarim 298

Reform in theory and practice: the debate in diaspora and homeland 307

"Dreadful drought, horrid fear, quick ruin": visions of the homeland and its reform in the Hadhrami press in South East Asia 307

The development of journalism and the discourse of change in Hadhramaut 312

Change and its obstacles: the case of agricultural development 326

Reformers on the road: Ibn Hashim's Rihla ila 'l-taghrayn 329

An exemplary notable family of the period: the Al al-Kaf 333

Chapter 7 The al-Kaf road to Ingrams' peace: political developments in Hadhramaut, 1918-1937 345

Hadhrami political concerns, c. 1919-1926 345

The conferences at al-Shihr (1927) and Singapore (1928) 352

Whither Hadhramaut? (1929-1936) 361

Developments in Hadhramaut 362

The changing British perspective on Hadhramaut 375

Crossing the line 383

Ingrams' visit to Hadhramaut in 1936/37 and the consequences 383

'Help' or 'imperialism'? Hadhrami perspectives 388

Chapter 8 Contested reform: development in Hadhramaut under British tutelage, 1937-1960s 400

Whose reform? 400

Security and the extension of state power 404

State administration and the budget 415

Judicial reform 420

Education and health 427

Economic development 435

Civic activity: the contribution of Jamiyyat al-Ukhuwwa wa-l-Muawana 443

Chapter 9 The emergence of new elites and the demise of empire 450

The reconfiguration of the diaspora 452

A new generation in Hadhramaut 469

From stable chiefdoms to fragile states: the changing nature of Hadhrami politics in the 1950s and early 1960s 483

"The event of the palace": a riot in al-Mukalla 1950 and its consequences 485

The South Arabian League and its contacts in Hadhramaut 496

The new politics and the press 504

Constitutional development: individual sultanates, a Hadhrami federation or accession to the Federation of South Arabia? 508

The British retreat 514

Developments in Aden and the Federation 514

Developments from within: the rise of nationalist parties in Hadhramaut 516

Developments from without: the final year 523

Annex B Associations in Hadhramaut until 1950 532.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages [537]-563) and index.

ISBN:

9004128506

OCLC:

52347576