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From DNA to diversity : molecular genetics and the evolution of animal design / Sean B. Carroll, Jennifer K. Grenier, Scott D. Weatherbee.

Holman Biotech Commons QH390 .C37 2001
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Holman Biotech Commons QH390 .C37 2001
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LIBRA QH390 .C37 2001
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Format:
Book
Author/Creator:
Carroll, Sean B.
Contributor:
Grenier, Jennifer K.
Weatherbee, Scott D.
Louis A. Duhring Fund.
Anne and Joseph Trachtman Memorial Book Fund.
Language:
English
Subjects (All):
Evolutionary genetics.
Biodiversity.
Morphology (Animals).
Variation (Genetics)--genetics.
Animals--anatomy & histology.
Evolution, Molecular.
Gene Expression.
Medical Subjects:
Variation (Genetics)--genetics.
Animals--anatomy & histology.
Evolution, Molecular.
Gene Expression.
Physical Description:
xvi, 214 pages : illustrations (chiefly color) ; 24 cm
Place of Publication:
Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Science, [2001]
Summary:
From DNA to Diversity represents the definitive synthesis of the new material on developmental genetics and evolutionary biology. Written by the most respected, author team, this text will be the monumental work for shaping the field.
Contents:
Chapter 1 A Brief History of Animals 1
Animal Origins and the Fossil Record 2
The Animal Tree 6
General Features of Animal Design and Diversity 8
Evolution and Development: DNA and Diversity 13
Chapter 2 The Genetic Toolkit for Development 15
Before the Toolkit
Organizers, Fields, and Morphogens 15
The Genetic Toolkit 18
The Drosophila Toolkit 19
Classifying genes according to their developmental function 19
Homeotic genes and segmental identity 19
The homeobox 26
Field-specific selector genes 26
Compartment selector genes 28
Cell-type-specific selector genes 31
Formation of the body axes 32
Systematic searches for developmental genes in Drosophila 32
The anteroposterior axis 33
The dorsoventral axis 35
Expression of toolkit genes 35
Toolkit gene products: transcription factors and signaling pathway components 36
Pleiotropy of toolkit genes 39
Sharing of the Genetic Toolkit Among Animals 43
Hox genes 43
Field- and cell-type-specific selector genes 44
Signaling pathways: classical organizers and morphogens 46
The Toolkit and Animal Design 47
Chapter 3 Building Animals 51
Gene Regulation in Metazoans 51
The Architecture of Genetic Regulatory Hierarchies 53
General features and approach 53
Regulatory logic
pathways, circuits, batteries, feedback loops, networks, and the connectivity of genes 55
Model regulatory hierarchies and the key genetic switches that operate them 57
The Insect Body Plan 57
From egg to segments: the anteroposterior coordinate system 58
Generation of maternal transcription factor gradients 60
Transcriptional activation of and cross-regulation by gap genes 60
Initiation of periodic pair-rule gene expression 61
Regulation of segment polarity genes by pair-rule proteins 62
General lessons from the segmentation genes 62
The dorsoventral axis coordinate system 65
The Hox ground plan 65
Secondary fields: integrating the anteroposterior and dorsoventral coordinate systems 68
The limb fields 69
The wing primordia 69
The salivary gland 69
Neural and muscle precursors 70
Patterning within secondary fields: organizing signals and selector genes 71
The anteroposterior coordinate system 72
The dorsoventral coordinate system 72
Signal integration by the vestigial field-specific selector gene 72
Combinatorial regulation of wing patterning by signaling proteins and the Vg/Sd selector proteins 74
The response to organizing signals 74
The action of the Vg/Sd selector genes 74
The modification of regulatory hierarchies in secondary fields by Hox genes 75
The Vertebrate Body Plan 77
The anteroposterior axis: somite formation and segmentation 77
The vertebrate Hox ground plan 80
Vertebrate limb development 82
Positioning of the limb buds along the rostrocaudal axis 84
Outgrowth of the limb bud: dorsoventral and anteroposterior regulatory hierarchies 84
Integration of organizing signals to form the proximodistal axis and deployment of Hox genes in the limb field 87
Regulatory networks controlling the differentiation of major limb pattern elements 89
The regulation of forelimb and hindlimb identity by selector genes 89
Review: The General Logic and Mechanisms Controlling Gene Expression in Cellular Fields 90
Chapter 4 Evolution of the Toolkit 97
The History of Gene Families 98
Conservation of developmental regulatory genes: phylogenetic inferences about animal ancestors 98
Gene duplication 101
Mapping gene duplication events onto an animal phylogeny 104
Gene divergence 105
Assembly of the toolkit: the first animals 105
Case Study: Evolution of the Hox Complex 108
Expansion of the Hox complex 108
The ParaHox genes: a sister complex to the Hox genes 110
New functions for some insect Hox genes 111
Interpreting the Toolkit: Inferences About Animal Evolution 112
Expansion of the toolkit and the evolution of morphological complexity 112
Conserved genes, conserved biochemical functions 113
Conserved developmental functions: rebuilding the bilaterian ancestor from phylogenetic inference 114
The Toolkit as Developmental Potential 117
Chapter 5 Diversification of Body Plans and Body Parts 123
Diversity of Anterior/Posterior Body Organization within Arthropods and Vertebrates 124
Evolution of the genetic control of segmentation in arthropods 125
Shifts in trunk Hox gene expression that mirror changes in arthropod body architecture 127
Hox genes and the evolution of arthropod heads 130
Annelid Hox expression patterns 131
Correlation of vertebrate axial patterning with Hox expression domains 131
How do Hox domains shift during evolution? 133
Morphological Diversity Within a Conserved Body Plan 135
Evolution of the limbless insect abdomen 135
Evolution of insect wing number 136
Diversification of insect wing morphology 139
Modulations in Hox expression patterns within fields that contribute to insect diversity 140
Vertebrate limb diversity: regulatory changes downstream of other selector genes 142
Regulatory Evolution and the Diversification of Homologous Body Parts 145
Chapter 6 The Evolution of Morphological Novelties 149
What Is Morphological Novelty? 150
Novel Functions from Older Morphological Structures 150
Epithelial appendages: scales, feathers, and hair 150
The evolution of insect wings from dorsal leg structures 152
Butterfly wing color scales: an evolutionary canvas 154
Evolution of the butterfly eyespot 155
The Evolution of Vertebrate Novelties 159
Fins to limbs: paired appendages and the tetrapod hand 159
Evolution of the neural crest and the vertebrate brain 161
Evolution of the notochord 163
Evolution of Radical Body Plan Changes 163
Loss of the ascidian tail: a chordate lacking chordate features 163
Limbless tetrapods, or how the snake lost its legs 165
Evolution of the echinoderm body plan 166
Regulatory Evolution and the Origin of Novelties 167
Chapter 7 From DNA to Diversity: The Primacy of Regulatory Evolution 173
Why Is Regulatory Evolution a Primary Force in Morphological Evolution? 173
The Function and Evolution of Cis-Regulatory DNA 175
Functions of cis-regulatory elements 175
Evolution of cis-regulatory elements 175
De novo evolution of cis-regulatory elements from preexisting nonfunctional DNA sequences 176
Evolution of cis-regulatory elements from existing elements 180
The evolution of gene repression versus gene activation 181
Case studies in cis-regulatory evolution 182
Conservation of functional elements among widely divergent taxa 182
The dynamics of sequence turnover in cis-regulatory DNA 183
Functional modification of cis-regulatory DNA sequences 186
The Role of Cis-Regulatory DNA in Morphological Variation and the Response to Selection 186
Cryptic genetic variation and the potential for morphological evolution 188
The Evolution of Regulatory DNA and Morphological Diversity 190
Extrapolating from bristles to body plans 190.
Notes:
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Local Notes:
Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Anne and Joseph Trachtman Memorial Book Fund.
Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Louis A. Duhring Fund.
ISBN:
0632045116
OCLC:
44750787

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