Handbook of building materials for fire protection / Charles A. Harper, editor-in-chief.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Harper, Charles A.

Series:

McGraw-Hll Handbooks.

McGraw-Hll Handbooks

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Fire resistant materials.

Building materials--Standards.

Building materials.

Physical Description:

1 volume (various pagings) : illustrations ; 25.

Place of Publication:

New York : McGraw-Hill Education, [2004]

Summary:

If you are manufacturing, processing, shipping, or storing materials, you need this indispensable resource for minimizing fire hazards -- McGraw Hill's Handbook of Building Materials for Fire Protection. The first book entirely devoted to the coverage of building materials behavior during a fire, the Handbook covers hundreds of commercially available materials, including plastics, metals, and wood products used in building, and chemicals used in chemical processes -- the very materials that allow fire to begin and propagate. Whether you're an architect, a designer, a building or safety inspector, an engineer, a supervisor, or a manager, Handbook of Building Materials for Fire Protection delivers all the information and guidelines you need to make, use, ship, or store materials that provide maximum fire safety for your buildings.

Contents:

Chapter 1 Fundamentals of the Fire Hazards of Materials / Dr. Frederick W. Mowrer 1

1.1 Fundamentals of Combustion 2

1.1.1 Stoichiometry 3

1.1.2 Thermochemistry 7

1.1.3 Flame Temperatures 12

1.2 Gases, Mists, and Dusts 16

1.2.1 Flammability Limits for Gases and Vapors 16

1.2.2 Ignition Energy 19

1.2.3 Flame Speed 20

1.2.4 Ignition of Mists and Dusts 20

1.3 Liquids 20

1.3.1 Fire Point 21

1.3.2 Vapor Pressure 22

1.3.3 Flammability Limits of Liquids 23

1.3.4 Liquid Mixtures 23

1.3.5 Burning Rate 24

1.4 Solids 26

1.4.1 Flaming Ignition of Solid Materials 29

1.4.2 Critical Heat Flux and Effective Ignition Temperature 35

1.4.3 Pyrolysis and Burning Rates 37

1.4.4 Flame Spread 38

1.4.5 Self-Heating and Smoldering Combustion 41

1.4.6 Effects of Fire Retardants 42

1.5 Smoke Production 42

1.5.1 Vision Obscuration 43

1.5.2 Toxicity of Combustion Products 45

1.5.3 Nonthermal Damage 46

1.6 Enclosure Effects 46

Chapter 2 Materials Specifications, Standards, and Testing / Dr. Archibald Tewarson, Dr. Wai Chin, Dr. Richard Shuford 1

2.2 Materials Characteristics 3

2.3 Softening and Melting Behaviors of Materials 4

2.4 Vaporization, Decomposition, and Charring Behaviors of Materials 5

2.5 Ignition Behavior of Materials 8

2.6 Flame Spread, Fire Growth, and Burning Behavior of Materials 13

2.7 Popular Standard Test Methods for the Burning Behavior of Materials 15

2.7.1 ASTM D 5865 and ISO 1716: Test Method for Gross Heat of Complete Combustion 16

2.7.2 ASTM E 136 and ISO 1182: Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750 16

2.7.3 ASTM E 906, ASTM E 2058, and ASTM E 1354 and ISO 5660: Standard Test Methods for Release Rates of Material Vapors, Heat, and Chemical Compounds 17

2.7.4 ASTM E 119: Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials

The Fire Endurance Test 24

2.7.5 ASTM E 1529: Standard Test Methods for Determining Effects of Large Hydrocarbon Pool Fires on Structural Members and Assemblies 25

2.8 Popular Standard Test Methods for Flame Spread and Fire Growth 26

2.8.1 prEN ISO and FDIS 11925-2: Reaction to Fire Tests for Building Products

Part 2: Ignitability when Subjected to Direct Impingement of Flame 26

2.8.2 UL 94: Standard Test Methodology for Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts in Devices and Appliances 27

2.8.3 ASTM D 2863 (ISO 4589): Test Methodology for Limited Oxygen Index 28

2.8.4 ASTM E 162 (D 3675): Standard Test Method for Surface Flammability Using a Radiant Energy Source 30

2.8.5 ASTM E 1321 (ISO 5658): Standard Test Method for Determining Material Ignition and Flame Spread Properties (LIFT) 32

2.8.6 ASTM E 648 (ISO 9239-1): Standard Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source 34

2.8.7 ASTM E 84: Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials 36

2.8.8 FM Global Approval Class 4910 (NFPA 318): Standard Test Methods for Clean Room Materials for the Semiconductor Industry 38

2.8.9 ASTM E 603: Standard Guide for Room Fire Experiments 39

Chapter 3 Plastics and Rubber / Dr. Richard E. Lyon 1

3.2 Polymeric Materials 1

3.2.1 Monomers, Polymers, and Copolymers 1

3.2.2 Polymer Architectures 3

3.2.3 Commercial Materials 7

3.2.4 Thermodynamic Quantities 8

3.3 The Burning Process 15

3.3.1 The Fire Triangle 15

3.3.2 Chemical Changes During Burning 16

3.4 Fire Behavior of Plastics 28

3.4.1 Ignition 28

3.4.2 Steady Burning 34

3.4.3 Unsteady Burning 40

Chapter 4 Flame Retardants for Plastics / Dr. Elisabeth S. Papazoglou 1

4.2 Overview of the Flame Retardants Industry 2

4.3 Mechanisms of Flame Retardancy 5

4.4 Classes of Commercial Flame Retardants 7

4.4.1 Hydrated Minerals 7

4.4.2 Halogenated Materials 9

4.4.3 Antimony Trioxide 21

4.4.4 Phosphorus Additives 23

4.4.5 Intumescent Flame-Retardant Systems 36

4.5 Polymer Families

Selection of Flame Retardant 36

4.5.1 Polypropylene 38

4.5.2 Polyethylene 44

4.5.3 Styrenics 44

4.5.4 ABS 48

4.5.5 Polycarbonate 49

4.5.6 PC/ABS Blends 50

4.5.7 Nylon 58

4.5.8 Thermoplastic Polyesters 66

4.5.9 Polyvinyl Chloride 69

4.5.10 Thermosets 72

4.5.11 Elastomers/Rubber 73

4.6 Nanocomposites 76

4.6.1 Layered Silicates 76

4.6.2 Polymer Nanocomposite Structures 77

4.6.3 Preparation Methods 77

4.6.4 Flame-Retardant Properties of Nanocomposites 78

4.6.5 Mechanism of Flame Retardancy in Nanocomposites 80

Chapter 5 Fibers and Fabrics / Dr. Debbie J. Guckert, Susan L. Lovasic, Dr. Roger F. Parry 1

5.1 The Role of Fabrics in Fire Protection 1

5.2 Fibers and Their Properties 1

5.2.1 Materials from Which Fibers Are Formed 1

5.2.2 Forms of Fibers Available 1

5.2.3 Fiber Properties 2

5.2.4 Flammability Characteristics 2

5.2.5 Flame Retardants 5

5.3 Fabric Types 7

5.4 Flammability of Fabrics 7

5.4.1 Characteristics of Burning Fabrics 7

5.4.2 Thermal Performance Tests for Fabrics 8

5.4.3 Performance Standards 19

5.5 Applications

Protective Clothing 23

5.5.1 Burn Injuries 24

5.5.2 Flash Fires 25

5.5.3 Structural and Wildlands Fires 26

5.5.4 Electric Arcs 32

5.5.5 Molten Metals 35

5.5.6 Soiling and Cleaning of Protective Clothing 36

5.6 Applications

Furnishings 36

5.6.1 Structures 37

5.6.2 Transportation 45

5.7 Challenges for the Future 47

Chapter 6 Structural Materials / Dr. Nestor R. Iwankiw, Jesse J. Beitel, Richard G. Gewain 1

6.1 Structural Materials Used in Construction 1

6.1.2 Construction Materials 1

6.2 Development of Fire Resistance Testing 2

6.2.1 Historical Fire Events 2

6.2.2 Early Fire Resistance Test Procedures 3

6.2.3 Standard Fire Resistance Tests 4

6.2.4 Test Equipment 7

6.2.5 Failure Criteria 7

6.2.6 Special Hazard Resistance Tests ("High-Rise" Curves) 10

6.3 Structural Materials and Fire 11

6.3.1 Reaction of Structural Materials to Fire 11

6.4 Protection of Structural Materials from Fire 22

6.4.1 Fire-Resistive Materials 23

6.4.2 Fire-Resistive Systems 28

6.5 Determination of Fire Resistance by Testing 32

6.5.1 Steel Construction 32

6.5.2 Concrete Construction 42

6.6 Determination of Fire Resistance by Calculation 43

6.6.1 Steel Construction 44

6.6.2 Concrete Construction 60

6.7 Application of Fire Resistance Ratings 61

Chapter 7 Wood and Wood Products / Dr. Marc Janssens, Dr. Bradford Douglas 1

7.1 Units 1

7.2.2 Forestry 1

7.2.3 Wood and Carbon 2

7.2.4 Wood and Fire 2

7.3 Wood as a Construction Material (U.S. Customary Units) 2

7.3.1 Sawn Timber 2

7.3.2 Panel Products 3

7.3.3 Engineered Wood Products 4

7.3.4 Other Materials 5

7.4 Physical and Chemical Characteristics (S.I. Units) 6

7.4.1 Botanical Categories 6

7.4.2 Physical Structure 6

7.4.3 Moisture 7

7.4.4 Chemical Composition 7

7.4.5 Thermal Decomposition and Pyrolysis 8

7.4.6 Fire-Retardant Treatments 9

7.5 Thermal Properties (S.I. Units) 10

7.5.1 Wood and Char 10

7.5.2 Other Materials 23

7.6 Mechanical Properties (U.S. Customary Units) 24

7.6.1 Properties at Normal Temperatures 24

7.6.2 Properties at Elevated Temperatures 25

7.7 Reaction to Fire (S.I. Units) 27

7.7.1 Ignition 27

7.7.2 Heat Release and Charring Rate 29

7.7.3 Products of Combustion 35

7.7.4 Surface Flame Spread 36

7.8 Fire Resistance (U.S. Customary Units) 40

7.8.1 Exposed Wood Members 40

7.8.2 Protected Wood-Frame Construction 48

Chapter 8 Liquids and Chemicals / Dr. A. Tewarson, Dr. G.

Marlair 1

8.1.1 Accidents Involving Fluids Stored in Warehouses 2

8.1.2 Accidents Involving Release of Fluids Contained in Vessels, Tanks, and Pipes 4

8.2 Properties Associated with the Ignition, Combustion, and Flame Spread Behaviors of Fluids 5

8.3 Vaporization and Boiling Characteristics of Fluids 5

8.4 Ignition Characteristics of Fluids 10

8.4.1 Flash Points of Fluids 11

8.4.2 Autoignition Temperature of Fluids 12

8.4.3 Hazard Classification of Fluids Based on Ignition Resistance 13

8.5 Flammability Characteristics of Fluids 16

8.6 Combustion Characteristics of Fluids 18

8.6.1 Release Rate of Fluid Vapors in Pool Fires 20

8.6.2 Heat Release Rate 24

8.6.3 Release Rates of Products 35

8.7 Smoke Point 37

Chapter 9 Materials in Military Applications / Usman Sorathia 1

9.2 Composities in Military Applications 2

9.3 Polymer Composities 6

9.3.1 Conventional and Advanced Matrix Resins 7

9.3.2 Fabrication Techniques 9

9.3.3 Cost of Composite Systems 10

9.4 Fire Threat 11

9.5 Polymer Composites and Fire 12

9.6 Fire Requirements and Regulations for Polymer Composites 13

9.6.1 Infrastructure and Fire Regulations 16

9.6.2 Ground Transportation and Fire Regulations 19

9.6.3 Air Transportation and Fire Regulations 19

9.6.4 Commercial Marine Transportation and Fire Regulations 20

9.6.5 Military Use of Composites and Fire Regulations 21

9.7 Fire Performance and Test Methods for Composites 21

9.7.1 Surface Flammability 22

9.7.2 Smoke and Combustion Gas Generation 22

9.7.3 Fire Growth 24

9.7.4 Fire Resistance 37

9.7.5 Structural Integrity Under Fire 51

9.7.6 Passive Fire Protection 60

9.7.7 Active Fire Protection 76.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

0071388915

OCLC:

53207516