Basic & clinical endocrinology / edited by Francis S. Greenspan & David G. Gardner.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Greenspan, Francis S. (Francis Sorrel), 1920-2016.

Gardner, David G.

Series:

Lange medical book

A Lange medical book

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Endocrinology.

Endocrine glands--Diseases.

Endocrine glands.

Endocrine Glands--physiology.

Hormones--physiology.

Endocrine System Diseases.

Medical Subjects:

Endocrine Glands--physiology.

Hormones--physiology.

Endocrine System Diseases.

Physical Description:

xvi, 976 pages : illustrations (some color) ; 24 cm.

Edition:

Seventh edition.

Other Title:

Basic and clinical endocrinology

Place of Publication:

New York : Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 2004.

Summary:

The best-selling reference in endocrinology! Authoritative, concise, and current, this "all-in-one" text focuses on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of endocrine disorders. Written by recognized authorities and featuring more than 350 two-color illustrations, the Seventh Edition has been updated to reflect the latest in diagnostic testing and molecular biology as well as new approaches to medical management.

Contents:

The Endocrine System 2

Hormones: Endocrine, Paracrine, & Autocrine Actions 3

Chemical Composition of Hormones 3

Relationships between Hormones & Other Signaling Molecules 4

Neurotransmitters & Hormones 4

Vitamins & Hormones 5

Oncogenes & Hormones 5

The Immune System & Hormones 5

Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins & Related Compounds 6

Mechanisms of Hormone Action 6

Hormone Receptors 6

Hormone Effects on Receptor Activity 8

Classes of Hormone Action 8

Classification of Hormone Action by Receptor Type 8

Classification of Hormone Action by Ligand Type 9

Mechanisms of Ligand Action 10

Regulation of Hormone Responsiveness 11

Hormone Responses Can Be Self-Limiting 11

Different Signals Influence Hormone Responsiveness 11

Modulation of Hormone Levels 12

Hormone Synthesis 12

Regulation of Hormone Production 12

Hormone Transport in the Circulation 13

Transport of Hormones across the Membrane 14

Metabolism & Elimination of Hormones 14

Recombinant DNA, Genomics, Proteomics, & Endocrinology 15

Sequencing of the Human Genome 16

Genomics & Patterns of Transcription 16

Proteomics 16

Molecular Basis of Genetic Endocrine Disease 17

Evolution of the Endocrine System 17

The Origins of Regulatory Chemicals & the Metabolic Code 18

Evolution of Hormones & Receptors 18

Evolution of Multiple Hormone Response Systems 19

Evolution of Endocrine Glands 19

Integrative Networks 19

Endocrine & Nervous System Relationships: Neuroendocrinology 19

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Relationships 20

Endocrine Organs & Hormone Production 21

Actions of Hormones 21

Hormone Release 21

Fetal Development 21

Cell Growth & Cancer 21

Hormonal Effects on Intermediary Metabolism 22

Hormonal Effects on Mineral & Water Metabolism 22

Hormonal Effects on Cardiovascular & Renal Function 22

Hormonal Effects on Skeletal Function 23

Hormonal Effects on Reproductive Function 23

Hormonal Effects on the Immune System 23

Hormonal Effects on the Central Nervous System 23

Selective Modulation 24

Disorders of the Endocrine System 24

Endocrine Hypofunction 25

Endocrine Hyperfunction 25

Defects in Sensitivity to Hormones 26

Syndromes of Hormone Excess Due to Administration of Exogenous Hormone 27

Nonendocrine Problems Associated with Endocrine Disease 28

Approach to the Patient with Endocrine Disease 28

Evidence-Based Endocrinology 28

History & Physical Examination 29

Laboratory Studies 29

Screening for Endocrine Diseases 33

Clinical Interpretation of Laboratory Tests 34

Treatment of Endocrine Diseases 34

Uses of Hormones & Selective Modulators in Therapy of Nonendocrine Disease 35

2. Hormone Synthesis & Release / Vishwanath R. Lingappa, MD, PhD, Synthia H. Mellon, PhD 38

Compartmentation of Eukaryotic Cells in Relation to Hormone Synthesis & Release 38

Overview of Hormone Biosynthesis 39

Membrane Vesicle-Mediated Hormone Export 40

Hormone Export Not Mediated by Membrane Vesicles 51

Metabolism, Transport, Elimination, & Regulation of Hormones 56

3. Mechanisms of Hormone Action / David G. Gardner, MD, Robert A. Nissenson, PhD 61

Receptors 62

Neurotransmitter & Peptide Hormone Receptors 63

G Protein-Coupled Receptors 64

G Protein Transducers 65

G Protein Disorders 66

Effectors 67

G Protein-Coupled Receptors & Human Disease 68

Growth Factor Receptors 70

Cytokine Receptors 73

Guanylyl Cyclase-Linked Receptors 73

Nuclear Action of Peptide Hormones 74

Nuclear Receptors 75

Steroid Receptor Family 76

Thyroid Receptor Family 77

Nongenomic Effects of the Steroid Hormones 82

Steroid & Thyroid Hormone Receptor Resistance Syndromes 83

4. Endocrine Autoimmunity / Juan Carlos Jaume, MD 85

Basic Immune Components & Mechanisms 86

Immune Recognition & Response 87

Tolerance 90

Autoimmunity Is Multifactorial 95

Genetic Factors in Autoimmunity 95

Environmental Factors in Autoimmunity 96

Single Gland Autoimmune Syndromes 96

Autoimmune Aspects of Thyroid Disease 97

Autoimmune Aspects of Type 1 Diabetes 98

Autoimmune Aspects of Other Endocrinopathies 100

Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes 103

Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome I (APS-I) 103

Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome II (APS-II) 103

Management of Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes 104

5. Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland / David C. Aron, MD, MS, James W. Findling, MD, J. Blake Tyrrell, MD 106

Hypothalamic Hormones 111

Anterior Pituitary Hormones 119

ACTH & Related Peptides 119

Growth Hormone 120

Prolactin 125

Thyrotropin 126

Gonadotropins: Luteinizing Hormone, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone 128

Endocrinologic Evaluation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis 129

Evaluation of ACTH 129

Evaluation of Growth Hormone 131

Evaluation of Prolactin 132

Evaluation of TSH 132

Evaluation of LH & FSH 132

Problems in Evaluation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis 133

Effects of Pharmacologic Agents on Hypothalamic-Pituitary Function 133

Endocrine Tests of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Function 133

Neuroradiologic Evaluation 136

Pituitary & Hypothalamic Disorders 136

Empty Sella Syndrome 138

Hypothalamic Dysfunction 139

Hypopituitarism 140

Pituitary Adenomas 147

Posterior Pituitary 163

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH; Vasopressin) 163

Oxytocin 164

Control of Water Balance 164

Diabetes Insipidus 167

Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) 170

6. Growth / Dennis Styne, MD 176

Normal Growth 176

Intrauterine Growth 176

The Placenta 177

Classic Hormones of Growth & Fetal Growth 177

Growth Factors & Oncogenes in Fetal Growth 177

Insulin-Like Growth Factors, Receptors, & Binding Proteins 177

Insulin 178

Epidermal Growth Factor 178

Fetal Origins of Adult Disease 179

Postnatal Growth 179

Measurement of Growth 187

Skeletal (Bone) Age 191

Disorders of Growth 194

Short Stature Due to Nonendocrine Causes 194

Short Stature Due to Endocrine Disorders 198

The Diagnosis of Short Stature 210

Tall Stature Due to Nonendocrine Causes 211

Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome 212

Tall Stature Due to Endocrine Disorders 212

7. The Thyroid Gland / Francis S.

Greenspan, MD 215

Anatomy & Histology 216

Physiology 216

Structure of Thyroid Hormones 216

Iodine Metabolism 216

Thyroid Hormone Synthesis & Secretion 219

Abnormalities in Thyroid Hormone Synthesis & Release 224

Thyroid Hormone Transport 225

Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones 227

Control of Thyroid Function 232

The Action of Thyroid Hormones 238

Physiologic Changes in Thyroid Function 241

Thyroid Autoimmunity 243

Tests of Thyroid Function 244

Tests of Thyroid Hormones in Blood 244

Evaluation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis 245

Iodine Metabolism & Biosynthetic Activity 245

Thyroid Imaging 247

Thyroid Ultrasonography or Magnetic Resonance Imaging 248

Thyroid Biopsy 249

Effects of Thyroid Hormones on Peripheral Tissues 249

Measurement of Thyroid Autoantibodies 250

Summary: Clinical Use of Thyroid Function Tests 250

Disorders of the Thyroid 251

Hypothyroidism 251

Hyperthyroidism & Thyrotoxicosis 260

Thyroid Hormone Resistance Syndromes 272

Nontoxic Goiter 273

Thyroiditis 275

Effects of Ionizing Radiation on the Thyroid Gland 278

Thyroid Nodules & Thyroid Cancer 279

8. Metabolic Bone Disease / Dolores Shoback, MD, Robert Marcus, MD, Daniel Bikle, MD, PhD 295

Cellular & Extracellular Calcium Metabolism 295

Parathyroid Hormone 296

Calcitonin 302

Vitamin D 304

Integrated Control of Mineral Homeostasis 311

Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma 311

Hypercalcemia 313

Disorders Causing Hypercalcemia 314

Treatment of Hypercalcemia 323

Hypocalcemia 324

Causes of Hypocalcemia 325

Treatment of Hypocalcemia 329

Bone Anatomy & Remodeling 330

Functions of Bone 330

Structure of Bone 330

Bone Remodeling 332

Osteoporosis 335

Treatment of Osteoporosis 338

Nonpharmacologic Aspects of Osteoporosis Management 343

Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis 343

Osteomalacia & Rickets 345

Nephrotic Syndrome 348

Hepatic Osteodystrophy 349

Drug-Induced Osteomalacia 349

Hypophosphatemic Disorders 349

Calcium Deficiency 351

Primary Disorders of the Bone Matrix 351

Inhibitors of Mineralization 352

Paget's Disease of Bone (Osteitis Deformans) 352

Renal Osteodystrophy 357

9. Glucocorticoids & Adrenal Androgens / David C. Aron, MD, MS, James W. Findling, MD, J. Blake Tyrrell, MD 362

Embryology & Anatomy 363

Biosynthesis of Cortisol & Adrenal Androgens 364

Circulation of Cortisol & Adrenal Androgens 371

Metabolism of Cortisol & Adrenal Androgens 371

Biologic Effects of Adrenal Steroids 372

Glucocorticoids 372

Adrenal Androgens 380

Laboratory Evaluation 380

Disorders of Adrenocortical Insufficiency 384

Primary Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Addison's Disease) 384

Secondary Adrenocortical Insufficiency 389

Diagnosis of Adrenocortical Insufficiency 390

Treatment of Adrenocortical Insufficiency 393

Prognosis of Adrenocortical Insufficiency 395

Cushing's Syndrome 395

Hirsutism & Virilism 408

Incidental Adrenal Mass 408

Glucocorticoid Therapy for Nonendocrine Disorders 410

10. Endocrine Hypertension / Burl R. Don, MD, Morris Schambelan, MD, Joan C. Lo, MD 414

Hypertension of Adrenal Origin 414

Synthesis, Metabolism, & Action of Mineralocorticoid Hormones 414

Pathogenesis of Mineralocorticoid Hypertension 416

Aldosterone & the Heart 417

Primary Aldosteronism 417

Syndromes Due to Excess Deoxycorticosterone Production 422

Cushing's Syndrome 424

Pseudohyperaldosteronism 425

Type II Pseudohypoaldosteronism (Arnold-Healy-Gordon Syndrome) 427

Hypertension of Renal Origin 428

The Renin-Angiotensin System 428

The Renin-Angiotensin System & Hypertension 431

Other Hormone Systems & Hypertension 435

Insulin 435

Natriuretic Peptides 436

Endothelium-Derived Relaxing Factor 436

Endothelin 436

Kallikrein-Kinin System 437

Other Hormones & Autacoids 437

Sympathetic Nervous System 437

11. Adrenal Medulla / Paul A. Fitzgerald, MD, Alan Goldfien, MD 439

History 439

Anatomy 440

Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla 441

Catecholamines 441

Other Hormones 451

Disorders of Adrenal Medullary Function 451

Adrenal Medullary Hypofunction 451

Adrenal Medullary Hyperfunction 453

Pheochromocytoma 453

12. Testes / Glenn D. Braunstein, MD 478

Anatomy & Structure-Function Relationships 478

Testes 478

Accessory Structures 480

Physiology of the Male Reproductive System 480

Gonadal Steroids 480

Control of Testicular Function 483

Evaluation of Male Gonadal Function 484

Clinical Evaluation 484

Laboratory Tests of Testicular Function 486

Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Male Gonadal Disorders 488

Androgens 489

Gonadotropins 490

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone 490

Clinical Male Gonadal Disorders 490

Klinefelter's Syndrome (XXY Seminiferous Tubule Dysgenesis) 491

Bilateral Anorchia (Vanishing Testes Syndrome) 493

Cryptorchidism 494

Noonan's Syndrome (Male Turner's Syndrome) 496

Myotonic Dystrophy 497

Adult Leydig Cell Failure (Andropause) 499

Male Infertility 500

Erectile Dysfunction (Impotence) 502

Gynecomastia 505

Testicular Tumors 508

13. Female Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility / Mitchell Rosen, MD, Marcelle I. Cedars, MD 511

Embryology & Anatomy 511

Ovarian Steroidogenesis 514

Physiology of the Menstrual Cycle 514

Menstrual Disturbances 522

Hypothalamic Amenorrhea 522

Pituitary Amenorrhea 525

Ovarian Amenorrhea 528

Adrenal Causes of Amenorrhea 535

Outflow Tract Disorders 538

Menopause 539

Oocyte Depletion 540

Endocrine System Changes with Aging 541

Menopausal Consequences 542

Infertility 544

Diagnosis of Infertility 545

Management of the Infertile Couple 546

Contraception 547

Oral Contraceptives 548

Contraception: Long-Acting Contraceptives 555

Emergency Contraception 561

14. Abnormalities of Sexual Determination & Differentiation / Felix A. Conte, MD, Melvin M. Grumbach, MD 564

Normal Sex Differentiation 564

Testicular & Ovarian Differentiation 569

Psychosexual Differentiation 576

Abnormal Sex Differentiation 576

Seminiferous Tubule Dysgenesis: Chromatin-Positive Klinefelter's Syndrome & Its Variants 576

Syndrome of Gonadal Dysgenesis: Turner's Syndrome & Its Variants 579

True Hermaphroditism 583

Female Pseudohermaphroditism 584

P450 Aromatase Deficiency 589

Maternal Androgens & Progestogens 589

Male Pseudohermaphroditism 589

Unclassified Forms of Abnormal Sexual Development in Males 599

Unclassified Forms of Abnormal Sexual Development in Females 601

Management of Patients with Intersex Problems 601

15. Puberty / Dennis Styne, MD 608

Physiology of Puberty 608

Delayed Puberty or Absent Puberty (Sexual Infantilism) 617

Precocious Puberty (Sexual Precocity) 628

16. The Endocrinology of Pregnancy / Robert N. Taylor, MD, PhD, Dan I. Lebovic, MD, MA 637

Conception & Implantation 637

Fetal-Placental-Decidual Unit 638

Polypeptide Hormones 641

Steroid Hormones 642

Maternal Adaptation to Pregnancy 643

Fetal Endocrinology 647

Endocrine Control of Parturition 649

Endocrinology of the Puerperium 650

Endocrine Disorders & Pregnancy 652

Pituitary Disorders 652

Pregnancy & Breast Cancer 653

Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy 654

Hyperthyroidism in Pregnancy 655

Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy 656

17. Pancreatic Hormones & Diabetes Mellitus / Umesh Masharani, MRCP, John H. Karam, MD, Michael S. German, MD 658

The Endocrine Pancreas 658

Anatomy & Histology 658

Hormones of the Endocrine Pancreas 660

Diabetes Mellitus 669

Classification 669

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus 669

Type 2 Diabetes 672

Other Specific Types of Diabetes 675

Clinical Features of Diabetes Mellitus 678

Urinalysis 679

Blood Glucose Testing 681

Serum Ketone Determinations 682

Glycated Hemoglobin Assays 682

Lipoproteins in Diabetes 683

Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus 683

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test 684

Insulin Levels 684

Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test 685

Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus 689

Diet 689

Oral Agents for the Treatment of Hyperglycemia 690

Insulin 698

Steps in the Management of the Diabetic Patient 704

Acute Complications of Diabetes Mellitus 711

Hypoglycemia 711

Coma 714

Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus 723

Specific Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus 725

Surgery in the Diabetic Patient 732

Diabetics Regulated by Diet Alone 732

Diabetics Taking Oral Hypoglycemic Agents 732

Diabetics Taking Insulin 732

Diabetes Mellitus & Pregnancy (by John L. Kitzmiller, MD) 733

Prognosis for Patients with Diabetes Mellitus 741

18. Hypoglycemic Disorders / John H. Karam, MD, Umesh Masharani, MRCP 747

Pathophysiology of the Counterregulatory Response to Neuroglycopenia 747

Classification of Hypoglycemic Disorders 752

Clinical Presentation of Hypoglycemia 753

Specific Hypoglycemic Disorders 754

Symptomatic Fasting Hypoglycemia with Hyperinsulinism 754

Symptomatic Fasting Hypoglycemia without Hyperinsulinism 762

Nonfasting Hypoglycemia (Reactive Hypoglycemia) 763

19. Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism / Mary J. Malloy, MD, John P.

Kane, MD, PhD 766

Atherosclerosis 766

Overview of Lipid Transport 767

Differentiation of Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism 771

Clinical Descriptions of Primary & Secondary Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism 774

The Hypertriglyceridemias 774

Primary Hypertriglyceridemia 774

Secondary Hypertriglyceridemia 778

The Primary Hypercholesterolemias 780

Familial Hypercholesterolemia 780

Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia 781

LP(a) Hyperlipoproteinemia 781

Familial Ligand-Defective APO B 781

Cholesterol 7-[alpha]-Hydroxylase Deficiency 781

Secondary Hypercholesterolemia 782

Hypothyroidism 782

Nephrosis 782

Immunoglobulin Disorders 782

Anorexia Nervosa 782

Cholestasis 782

The Primary Hypolipidemias 783

Primary Hypolipidemia Due to Deficiency of High-Density Lipoproteins 783

Primary Hypolipidemia Due to Deficiency of APO B-Containing Lipoproteins 784

Secondary Hypolipidemia 785

Other Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism 785

The Lipodystrophies 785

Rare Disorders 786

Treatment of Hyperlipidemia 787

Dietary Factors in the Management of Lipoprotein Disorders 787

Drugs Used in Treatment of Hyperlipoproteinemia 789

Bile Acid Sequestrants 789

Niacin (Nicotinic Acid) 789

Fibric Acid Derivatives 790

HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors 790

Combined Drug Therapy 791

Possible Untoward Consequences of Lipid-Lowering Therapy 792

20. Obesity & Overweight / Marc K. Hellerstein, MD, PhD, Elizabeth J. Parks, PhD 794

Controversies & Uncertainties Regarding the Pathogenesis of Obesity 804

Survey of Treatment Approaches & Their Efficacy 806

Dietary Therapies 806

Surgical Treatment of Obesity 807

Pharmacologic Therapies 807

Other Conditions Affected by Treatment of Obesity or Overweight 810

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 810

Hyperlipidemia 812

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome 812

Hypertension 812

Gallstones 812

Osteoarthritis & Other Weight-Sensitive States 812

A Systematic Approach to the Treatment of Obesity 813

21. Humoral Manifestations of Malignancy / Dolores Shoback, MD, Janet Funk, MD 814

Ectopic Hormone & Receptor Syndromes 814

Hypercalcemia of Malignancy 815

Ectopic Cushing's Syndrome 819

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH) Secretion 822

Non-Islet Cell Tumors & Hypoglycemia 823

Other Hormones Secreted by Tumors 824

Oncogenic Osteomalacia 825

Gut Hormones 826

22. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia / David G. Gardner, MD 829

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN 1) 829

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 (MEN 2) 834

Other Disorders Characterized by Multiple Endocrine Organ Involvement 840

23. Geriatric Endocrinology / Susan L. Greenspan, MD, Neil M. Resnick, MD 842

Thyroid Function & Disease 842

Disorders of the Thyroid Gland 843

Carbohydrate Intolerance & Diabetes Mellitus 847

Aging & the Physiology of Carbohydrate Intolerance 847

Diabetes Mellitus 847

Nonketotic Hyperosmolar Coma 849

Osteoporosis & Calcium Homeostasis 850

Osteoporosis 850

Hyperparathyroidism 858

Changes in Water Balance 858

Hypernatremia 859

Hyponatremia 859

Hyporeninemic Hypoaldosteronism 859

Glucocorticoids & Stress 859

Disorders of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis 860

Changes in Reproductive Function in Men 861

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 862

24. Endocrine Emergencies / David G. Gardner, MD, Francis S. Greenspan, MD 867

Myxedema Coma 867

Thyroid Storm 869

Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis 870

Amiodarone Induced Thyrotoxicosis 871

Acute Adrenal Insufficiency 872

Pituitary Apoplexy 873

Diabetic Ketoacidosis 873

Nonketotic Hyperosmolar Coma 878

Hypercalcemic Crisis 880

Acute Hypocalcemia 882

Hyponatremia 885

Diabetes Insipidus 888

25. AIDS Endocrinopathies / Grace Lee, MD, Carl Grunfeld, MD, PhD 893

Thyroid Disorders 893

Adrenal Disorders 895

Bone & Mineral Disorders 897

Gonadal Disorders 897

Pituitary Disorders 898

Pancreatic Disorders 898

Lipid Disorders 899

26. Endocrine Surgery / Geeta Lal, MD, Orlo H. Clark, MD 902

The Thyroid Gland 902

Developmental Thyroid Abnormalities 902

Hyperthyroidism 903

Thyroiditis 904

Nodular Goiter 904

Thyroid Nodules 904

Thyroid Cancer 904

Conduct of Thyroidectomy 906

The Parathyroid Gland 908

Primary Hyperparathyroidism 908

Persistent & Recurrent Primary Hyperparathyroidism 910

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism 911

Special Consideration: Familial Hyperparathyroidism 911

Complications of Parathyroid Surgery 911

The Adrenal (Suprarenal) Gland 911

Primary Hyperaldosteronism 911

Hypercortisolism 912

Sex Steroid Excess 912

Pheochromocytoma 913

Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma 913

Adrenal Incidentaloma 913

Technique of Adrenalectomy 914

The Endocrine Pancreas 914

Insulinoma 915

Gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome) 916

Vipoma (Verner-Morrison) Syndrome 917

Glucagonoma 917

Somatostatinoma 917

Nonfunctioning Pancreatic Tumors 917

Appendix Normal Hormone Reference Ranges 920.

Notes:

Previous ed.: 2000.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

0071402977

OCLC:

53174522