Physics in nuclear medicine / Simon R. Cherry, James A. Sorenson, Michael E. Phelps.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Cherry, Simon R.

Contributor:

Sorenson, James A., 1938-

Phelps, Michael E.

Louis A. Duhring Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Medical physics.

Nuclear medicine.

Nuclear Medicine.

Physics.

Medical Subjects:

Nuclear Medicine.

Physics.

Physical Description:

xiii, 523 pages : illustrations ; 27 cm

Edition:

Third edition.

Place of Publication:

Philadelphia, Pa. : Saunders, [2003]

Summary:

Experts in their fields provide up-to-date, comprehensive information on the physics underlying modern nuclear medicine and imaging using radioactively labeled tracers. They examine every aspect of the field--from basic atomic physics through radioactivity, isotope production, interaction of radiation with matter, radiation detection, and imaging systems. Examples are presented with solutions worked out in step-by-step detail, illustrating important concepts and calculations.

Contents:

B. The Power of Nuclear Medicine 1

C. Historical Overview 2

D. Current Practice of Nuclear Medicine 3

E. The Role of Physics in Nuclear Medicine 6

2 Basic Atomic and Nuclear Physics 7

A. Quantities and Units 7

B. Radiation 8

C. Atoms 9

D. The Nucleus 13

3 Modes of Radioactive Decay 19

B. Chemistry and Radioactivity 19

C. Decay by [beta superscript -] Emission 20

D. Decay by ([beta superscript -], [gamma]) Emission 22

E. Isomeric Transition (IT) and Internal Conversion (IC) 23

F. Electron Capture (EC) and (EC, [gamma]) Decay 24

G. Positron ([beta superscript +]) and ([beta superscript +], [gamma]) Decay 25

H. Competitive [beta superscript +] and EC Decay 27

I. Decay by [alpha] Emission and by Nuclear, Fission 27

J. Decay Modes and the Line of Stability 28

K. Sources of Information on Radionuclides 30

4 Decay of Radioactivity 31

A. Activity 31

B. Exponential Decay 32

C. Methods for Determining Decay Factors 34

D. Image-Frame Decay Corrections 36

E. Specific Activity 38

F. Decay of a Mixed Radionuclide Sample 40

G. Parent-Daughter Decay 41

5 Radionuclide and Radiopharmaceutical Production 45

A. Reactor-Produced Radionuclides 45

B. Accelerator-Produced Radionuclides 49

C. Radionuclide Generators 52

D. Equations for Radionuclide Production 55

E. Radionuclides for Nuclear Medicine 58

F. Radiopharmaceutical Preparation 60

6 Interaction of Radiation with Matter 65

A. Interactions of Charged Particles with Matter 65

B. Charged-Particle Ranges 72

C. Passage of High-Energy Photons through Matter 76

D. Attenuation of Photon Beams 80

7 Radiation Detectors 89

A. Gas-Filled Detectors 89

B. Semiconductor Detectors 98

C. Scintillation Detectors 100

8 Electronic Instrumentation for Radiation Detection Systems 109

A. Preamplifiers 109

B. Amplifiers 112

C. Pulse-Height Analyzers 115

D. Time-to-Amplitude Converters 121

E. Digital Counters and Rate Meters 121

F. Coincidence Units 124

G. High-Voltage Power Supplies 125

H. Nuclear Instrument Modules 126

I. Cathode Ray Tube 126

J. Oscilloscopes 129

K. Computer Monitors 129

9 Nuclear Counting Statistics 131

A. Types of Measurement Error 131

B. Nuclear Counting Statistics 132

C. Propagation of Errors 135

D. Applications of Statistical Analysis 136

E. Statistical Tests 140

10 Pulse-Height Spectrometry 149

A. Basic Principles 149

B. Spectrometry with Nal(TI) 150

C. Spectrometry with Other Detectors 160

11 Problems in Radiation Detection and Measurement 165

A. Detection Efficiency 165

B. Problems in the Detection and Measurement of [beta] Particles 176

C. Dead Time

D. Quality Assurance for Radiation Measurement Systems 182

12 Counting Systems 185

A. Nal(TI) Well Counter 185

B. Counting with Conventional Nal(TI) Detectors 195

C. Liquid Scintillation Counters 196

D. Gas-Filled Detectors 203

E. Semiconductor Detector Systems 205

F. In Vivo Counting Systems 207

13 The Gamma Camera: Basic Principles 211

A. General Concepts of Radionuclide Imaging 211

B. Basic Principles of the Gamma Camera 212

C. Types of Gamma Cameras and Their Clinical Uses 223

14 The Gamma Camera: Performance Characteristics 227

A. Basic Performance Characteristics 227

B. Detector Limitations: Nonuniformity and Nonlinearity 234

C. Design and Performance Characteristics of Parallel-Hole Collimators 239

D. Performance Characteristics of Converging, Diverging, and Pinhole Collimators 245

E. Measurements of Gamma Camera Performance 247

15 Image Quality in Nuclear Medicine 253

A. Basic Methods for Characterizing and Evaluating Image Quality 253

B. Spatial Resolution 253

C. Contrast 259

D. Noise 263

E. Observer Performance Studies 268

16 Tomographic Reconstruction in Nuclear Medicine 273

A. General Concepts, Notation, and Terminology 274

B. Backprojection and Fourier-Based Techniques 276

C. Image Quality in Fourier Transform and Filtered Backprojection Techniques 283

D. Iterative Reconstruction Algorithms 291

E. Reconstruction of Fan-Beam and Cone-Beam Data 294

17 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography 299

A. SPECT Systems 299

B. Practical Implementation of SPECT 303

C. Performance Characteristics of SPECT Systems 319

D. Clinical Applications of SPECT 322

18 Positron Emission Tomography 325

A. Annihilation Coincidence Detection 325

B. PET Detector and Scanner Designs 342

C. Data Acquisition for PET 350

D. Data Corrections and Quantitative Aspects of PET 353

E. Clinical and Research Applications of PET 358

19 Digital Image Processing in Nuclear Medicine 361

B. Digital Image-Processing Techniques 367

C. Processing Environment 375

20 Tracer Kinetic Modeling 377

B. Tracers and Compartments 378

C. Tracer Delivery and Transport 385

D. Formulation of a Compartmental Model 388

E. Examples of Dynamic Imaging and Tracer Kinetic Models 391

21 Internal Radiation Dosimetry 405

A. Radiation Dose and Equivalent Dose: Quantities and Units 405

B. Calculation of Radiation Dose (MIRD Method) 406

22 Radiation Safety and Health Physics 427

A. Quantities and Units 428

B. Regulations Pertaining to the Use of Radionuclides 430

C. Safe Handling of Radioactive Materials 433

D. Disposal of Radioactive Waste 439

E. Radiation Monitoring 439

Appendix B Properties of the Elements 444

Appendix C Characteristics of Some Medically Important Radionuclides 447

Appendix D Mass Attenuation Coefficients for Water, Sodium lodide, BGO, CZT, and Lead 479

Appendix E Effective Dose Equivalent (mSv/MBq) and Radiation Absorbed Dose Estimates (mGy/MBq) to Adult Subjects from Selected Internally Administered Radiopharmaceuticals 480

Appendix F The Fourier Transform 483

A. The FT: What It Represents 483

B. Calculating FTs 484

C. Some Properties of FTs 485

Appendix G Convolutions 493.

Notes:

Sorenson's name appears first on the previous edition.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Louis A. Duhring Fund.

ISBN:

072168341X

OCLC:

50670365