Principles of surface physics / Friedhelm Bechstedt.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Bechstedt, Friedhelm.

Contributor:

Alumni and Friends Memorial Book Fund.

Series:

Advanced texts in physics 1439-2674

Advanced texts in physics, 1439-2674

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Surfaces (Physics).

Physical Description:

xii, 342 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm.

Place of Publication:

Berlin ; New York : Springer, [2003]

Summary:

This comprehensive and innovative text provides an understanding of the geometric and electronic structure of surfaces. It addresses the surfaces of covalent and ionic solids and also metals. The book emphasizes fundamental aspects, such as the principles of surface crystallography and thermodynamics, the forces driving the rearrangement of the atoms, and the relationship between bonding and electronic structure. The book illuminates the relationship between surface orientation, chemistry, energetics, and the resulting properties. The text includes a discussion of elementary excitations at surfaces, their description and measurement. The general physical arguments and methods presented in the book will also allow the reader to analyse novel surfaces and interfaces of new materials. This makes the book an indispensable reference to all those studying growth, surface-molecule interactions, self-assembled structures, property engineering and materials development.

Contents:

1. Symmetry 1

1.1 Model Surfaces 1

1.1.1 Surface Versus Bulk 1

1.1.2 The Surface as a Physical Object 1

1.2 Two-Dimensional Crystals 3

1.2.1 Lattice Planes of Bulk Crystals 3

1.2.2 Oriented Slabs 8

1.2.3 Ideal Surfaces. Planar Point Groups 11

1.2.4 Real Surfaces: Reconstruction and Relaxation 16

1.2.5 Superlattices at Surfaces 19

1.2.6 Wood Notation 20

1.2.7 Symmetry Classification 25

1.3 Reciprocal Space 29

1.3.1 Direct and Reciprocal Lattices 29

1.3.2 Brillouin Zones 35

1.3.3 Projection of 3D Onto 2D Brillouin Zones 37

1.3.4 Symmetry of Points and Lines in Reciprocal Space 41

2. Thermodynamics 45

2.1 Kinetic Processes and Surfaces in Equilibrium 45

2.2 Thermodynamic Relations for Surfaces 46

2.2.1 Thermodynamic Potentials 46

2.2.2 Surface Modification of Thermodynamic Potentials 48

2.2.3 Surface Tension and Surface Stress 49

2.3 Equilibrium Shape of Small Crystals 51

2.3.1 Anisotropy of Surface Energy 51

2.3.2 Absolute Values for Surface Energies 55

2.3.3 Wulff Construction 57

2.4 Surface Energy and Morphology 59

2.4.1 Facetting and Roughening 59

2.4.2 3D Versus 2D Growth 60

2.4.3 Formation of Quantum Dots 63

2.5 Stoichiometry Dependence 66

2.5.1 Thermodynamic Approach 66

2.5.2 Approximations for Surface Energies 67

2.5.3 Chemical Potentials 69

2.5.4 Phase Diagrams 74

2.5.5 Stability of Adsorbates 78

3. Bonding and Energetics 81

3.1 Orbitals and Bonding 81

3.1.1 One-Electron Picture 81

3.1.2 Tight-Binding Approach 82

3.1.3 Atomic Orbitals and Their Interaction 85

3.1.4 Bonding Hybrids 89

3.1.5 Bonds and Bands 94

3.2 Dangling Bonds 97

3.2.1 Formation of Dangling Hybrids 97

3.2.2 Influence on Electronic States 98

3.3 Total Energy and Atomic Forces 102

3.3.1 Basic Approximations 102

3.3.2 Potential Energy Surface and Forces 103

3.3.3 Surface Diffusion 105

3.4 Quantitative Description of Structure and Stability 109

3.4.1 Density Functional Theory 109

3.4.2 Band-Structure and Interaction Contributions 112

3.4.3 Modeling of Surfaces 114

3.5 Bond Breaking: Accompanying Charge Transfers and Atomic Displacements 122

3.5.1 Characteristic Changes in Total Energy 122

3.5.2 Energy Gain Due to Structural and Configurational Changes 125

3.5.3 Energy Gain and Electron Transfer 129

4. Reconstruction Elements 133

4.1 Reconstruction and Bonding 133

4.1.1 Metallic Bonds 133

4.1.2 Strong Ionic Bonds 135

4.1.3 Mixed Covalent and Ionic Bonds 136

4.1.4 Principles of Semiconductor Surface Reconstruction 138

4.1.5 Electron Counting Rules 141

4.2 Chains 143

4.2.1 Zig-Zag Chains of Cations and Anions 143

4.2.2 [pi]-bonded Chains 150

4.2.3 Seiwatz Chains 156

4.3 Dimers 158

4.3.1 Symmetric Dimers 158

4.3.2 Asymmetric Dimers 163

4.3.3 Heterodimers 166

4.3.4 Bridging Groups 168

4.4 Adatoms and Adclusters 170

4.4.1 Isolated Adatoms 170

4.4.2 Adatoms Accompanied by Rest Atoms 172

4.4.3 Adatoms Combined with Other Reconstruction Elements 176

4.4.4 Trimers 180

4.4.5 Tetramers 183

5. Elementary Excitations I: Single Electronic Quasiparticles 187

5.1 Electrons and Holes 187

5.1.1 Excitation and Quasiparticle Character 187

5.1.2 Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy 188

5.1.3 Photoemission Spectroscopy and Inverse Photoemission 194

5.1.4 Satellites 199

5.2 Many-Body Effects 201

5.2.1 Quasiparticle Equation 201

5.2.2 Quasiparticle Shifts and Spectral Weights 203

5.2.3 Screening Near Surfaces 207

5.3 Quasiparticle Surface States 211

5.3.1 Surface Barrier 211

5.3.2 Characteristic Energies 214

5.3.3 State Localization 217

5.3.4 Quasiparticle Bands and Gaps 221

5.4 Strong Electron Correlation 225

5.4.1 Image States 225

5.4.2 Mott-Hubbard Bands 231

6. Elementary Excitations II: Pair and Collective Excitations 237

6.1 Probing Surfaces by Excitations 237

6.1.1 Optical Spectroscopies 237

6.1.2 Light Propagation in Surfaces 240

6.1.3 Electron Energy Losses 243

6.1.4 Raman Scattering 250

6.2 Electron-Hole Pairs: Excitons 254

6.2.1 Polarization Function 254

6.2.2 Two-Particle Hamiltonian 255

6.2.3 Excitons 258

6.2.4 Surface Exciton Bound States 262

6.2.5 Surface-Modified Bulk Excitons 265

6.3 Plasmons 269

6.3.1 Intraband Excitations 269

6.3.2 Plasma Oscillations 270

6.3.3 Surface Modifications 270

6.4 Phonons 273

6.4.1 Harmonic Lattice Dynamics 273

6.4.2 Surface and Bulk Modes 276

6.4.3 Rayleigh Waves 278

6.4.4 Fuchs-Kliewer Phonons 281

6.4.5 Influence of Relaxation and Reconstruction 285

6.5 Elementary Excitations for Reduced Dimension 290

7. Defects 293

7.1 Realistic and Ideal Surfaces 293

7.2 Point Defects 294

7.2.1 Vacancies 294

7.2.2 Impurities 300

7.2.3 Antisites 302

7.3 Line Defects: Steps 303

7.3.1 Geometry and Notation 303

7.3.2 Steps on Si(100) Surfaces 306

7.3.3 Steps on Si(111) Surfaces 310

7.4 Planar Defects: Stacking Faults 312

7.4.1 Defect, Reconstruction Element or Bulk Property? 312

7.4.2 Si on Si(111)[radical 3] x [radical 3]-B 313.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages [317]-336) and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Alumni and Friends Memorial Book Fund.

ISBN:

3540006354

OCLC:

52160264