Animal locomotion / Andrew Biewener.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Biewener, A. A. (Andrew A.)

Contributor:

Clarence J. Marshall Memorial Library Fund.

Series:

Oxford animal biology series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Animal locomotion.

Physiology.

Physical Description:

256 pages ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2003.

Contents:

1 Physical and biological properties and principles related to animal movement 1

1.1 Why move? 1

1.2 Environmental media 2

1.3 Physics and energetics of movement 4

1.4 Biomechanics of locomotor support 5

1.5 Scaling: the importance of size 10

1.6 Dimensions and units 14

2 Muscles and skeletons: the building blocks of animal movement 15

2.1 Muscles 15

2.2 Skeletons 38

3 Movement on land 46

3.1 Biological wheels: why so few? 46

3.2 Limbs as propulsors: support and swing phases 47

3.3 Limb mechanical advantage and joint moments: interaction of limb posture and ground reaction force 51

3.4 Locomotor gaits 54

3.5 Maneuverability versus stability 58

3.6 Stride frequency and stride length versus speed and size 61

3.7 Mass-spring properties of running 64

3.8 Froude number and dynamic similarity 65

3.9 Inferring gait and speed of fossil animals 66

3.10 Mechanical work: potential and kinetic energy changes during locomotion 67

3.11 Muscle work versus force economy 70

3.12 Tendon springs and muscle dampers 71

4 Movement in water 78

4.1 Thrust and drag 78

4.2 Inertia, viscosity and Reynolds number 79

4.3 Steady flow: drag and streamlines 82

4.4 Swimming fish, mammals and cephalopods: movement at high Reynolds number 85

4.5 Jet-based fluid propulsion 95

4.6 Movement at low Reynolds number: the reversibility of flow 96

4.7 Air-water interface: surface swimming, striding and sailing 101

4.8 Muscle function and force transmission in swimming 106

5 Movement in air 111

5.1 Lift, drag and thrust in flight 112

5.2 Power requirements for steady flight 118

5.3 Gliding flight 121

5.4 Flapping flight 126

5.5 Flight motors and wing anatomy 134

5.6 Maneuvering during flight 144

5.7 Unsteady mechanisms 146

6 Cell crawling 151

6.1 Organization of the cytoskeleton in animal cells 152

6.2 Cell crawling: formation of lamellipodia and pseudopodia for traction and locomotor work 155

6.3 Dynamics of actin nucleation, polymerization and degradation 156

6.4 Cytoskeletal mechanisms of cell movement 159

6.5 Cell-surface receptors mediate sensori-locomotor behavior of unicellular organisms 161

7 Jumping, climbing and suspensory locomotion 163

7.1 Jump take-off: generating mechanical power 164

7.2 Scaling of jump performance 167

7.3 Other mechanisms for increasing jump distance 172

7.4 Other morphological adaptations for jumping 179

7.5 Ground forces and joint power underlying vertebrate jumping 179

7.6 Climbing 180

7.7 Suspensory locomotion at larger size 184

8 Metabolic pathways for fueling locomotion 187

8.1 ATP: currency for converting chemical energy into mechanical work 187

8.2 Aerobic metabolism: oxygen consumption 189

8.3 Glycolysis: anaerobic metabolism 190

8.4 Mitochondria: citric acid cycle and cytochrome oxidative phosphorylation 192

8.5 Quantifying energy use: respirometry measurements of oxygen consumption or carbon dioxide production 195

8.6 Sources and time course of energy usage during exercise 196

8.7 Endurance and fatigue 202

8.8 Intermittent exercise 203

8.9 Other adaptations for increased aerobic capacity 205

9 Energy cost of locomotion 207

9.1 Energy cost versus speed of terrestrial locomotion 207

9.2 Energy cost versus body size 214

9.3 Ectothermic versus endothermic energy patterns 220

9.4 Energy cost of incline running 221

9.5 Cost of swimming 223

9.6 Cost of flight 224

9.7 Locomotor costs compared 226

10 Neuromuscular control of movement 230

10.1 Sensory elements 231

10.2 Sensorimotor integration via local reflex pathways 237

10.3 Muscle recruitment in relation to functional demand: force, speed and endurance 245

10.4 Reciprocal inhibition: a basic feature of sensorimotor neural circuits 253

10.5 Distributed control: the role of central pattern generators 254.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Clarence J. Marshall Memorial Library Fund.

ISBN:

0198500238

019850022X

OCLC:

52145477