Liquid interfacial systems : oscillations and instability / Rudolph V. Birikh ... [and others].

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Birikh, R. V.

Series:

Surfactant science series ; 113.

Surfactant science series ; 113

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Surface chemistry.

Liquid-liquid interfaces.

Physical Description:

xvi, 367 : illustrations ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

New York : Marcel Dekker, Inc., [2003]

Summary:

Despite factoring in countless natural, biological and industrial processes, fixed attention on the singular attributes and behaviour of fluids near or at interfaces has been neglected in the surface science literature. This authoritative text assembles and analyses concepts and findings as an inclusive summation of fluid-fluid interfacial phenomena.

Contents:

I. Basic Concepts and Scales 1

A. Surfaces and Interfaces, and Surface Stresses 1

B. Surface Tension and Its Variation 5

C. Scales and Dimensionless Groups 9

II. Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions 16

A. Thermal Convection 21

B. High-Frequency Vibrations 22

C. Thin Permeable Partitions or Dividers 23

2. A First Discussion of Instability Phenomena Driven by the Marangoni Effect 29

I. Instability and Steady Patterned Convection (Benard Cells) 29

II. Instability, Transverse Surface Oscillations and Capillary-Gravity Waves 32

III. Instability, Longitudinal Surface Oscillations and Dissipative Compression-Dilational Waves 38

IV. Instability Induced by an Electric Field and Gravito-Electro-Capillary Waves 43

A. Tangentially Applied Electric Field 47

B. Orthogonally Applied Electric Field 50

3. Excitation of Isothermal Liquid Surface Instability by Variable (Vibrational and Electric) Force Fields 56

I. Parametric Liquid Pendulum 57

A. Formulation of the Problem: Equations for Disturbances 58

B. Natural Oscillations 58

C. Parametric Oscillations 59

D. Experimental Set-Up and Experimental Procedure 61

E. Parametric Oscillations in the Absence of Initial Shear Stress 61

F. Parametric Oscillations in the Presence of Initial Shear Stress 64

II. Parametric Excitation of Waves with a Variable Electric Field 67

A. Equations for Perturbations and Stability Conditions 67

B. Experimental Results for Interface Instability in a Variable Electric Field 69

4. Stabilizing Influence of High-Frequency Vibrations on the Possible Instability of an Isothermal Liquid Surface 74

I. Suppression of Rayleigh-Taylor Instability and Formation of Multilayer Structures 74

A. Small Disturbances and Stability Diagram 75

B. Experimental Results Illustrating the Suppression of the Rayleigh-Taylor Instability by Means of Vibrations 78

II. Influence of Tangential Vibration on Interfacial Instability 81

A. Equations of Motion and Boundary Conditions in the High-Frequency Approximation 82

B. Shape of the Open Surface of a Liquid in a Container of Finite Size 85

C. Instability of a Flat Interface in a Two-Layer System 86

5. Thermocapillary Instability of the Free Surface of a Plane Liquid Layer 93

I. Monotonic Surface Tension Gradient (Marangoni) Driven Instability in a Plane Liquid Layer with a Flat Free Surface 94

II. Instability of a Layer with a Deformable Surface 98

A. Two Modes of Oscillatory Instability 98

B. Long-Wavelength Instability 101

III. Instability of a Liquid Film Subjected to a Transverse Temperature Gradient 107

A. A Boundary Value Problem for Small Disturbances 109

B. Neutral Curves and Form of Disturbances 111

IV. Thermocapillary Instability of a Hanging Layer with Internal Heat Sources 116

V. Combined Thermocapillary and Buoyancy Instability of a Plane Liquid Layer 118

A. Monotonic Instability: Theory 119

B. Monotonic Instability: Experiment 121

C. Oscillatory Instability 125

6. Convective Instability of a Liquid Layer with a Permeable Partition 131

I. Buoyancy (Rayleigh) Driven Instability of a Horizontal Liquid Layer 131

A. A Layer with Outer Stress-Free Boundaries 131

B. Layer with Outer Solid Boundaries 135

II. Surface Tension Gradient (Marangoni) Driven Instability of a Film with Two Open, Undeformable Free Surfaces and Heated or Cooled Divider 139

III. Thermocapillary Instability of a Film or Liquid Layer with Two Outer Free Deformable Surfaces and Heated or Cooled Divider 148

A. Monotonic Instability 149

B. Overstability and Oscillatory Modes 154

7. Thermocapillary Instability of Two-Layer Systems with Liquid-Liquid or Liquid-Gas Interfaces 164

I. Instability Thresholds in Model Systems 164

A. Base State and Equations for Disturbances 164

B. Solution of the Boundary-Value Problem 166

C. Neutral Curves and Structure of Disturbances 168

II. Thermocapillary Instability in Real Liquids Systems 172

A. Water-Benzene System 172

B. n-Heptane-Air System 175

III. Combined Surface Tension Gradient-Driven and Buoyancy-Driven Instability of a Two-Layer System 176

A. Marangoni-Rayleigh Instability of the Water-Benzene System 179

B. Marangoni-Rayleigh Instability in the Glycerin-Silicone Oil System 190

8. Thermocapillary Instability in Multilayer Systems 195

I. Linear Stability Analysis for an Infinitely Extended System Along the Horizontal 195

A. Monotonic Instability 197

B. Overstability 199

II. The Case of a System of Finite Lateral Extent 201

A. Numerical Solution of the Problem 201

B. Numerical Results for Stationary Convection 204

C. Numerical Results for Oscillatory Convection 208

III. Experiment Under Almost Vanishing Effective Gravity (Microgravity) with a Symmetric Three-Layer System 209

A. Description of the Experiment 211

B. Experimental Results for the Monotonic Instability Experiment 213

C. Analysis of the Results for the Oscillatory Instability Experiment 219

9. Thermocapillary Convection of Constrained Interfaces 223

I. Linear Stability Analysis 223

A. Equations for Small Perturbations 224

B. Numerical Results 227

II. Nonlinear Results 230

III. Thermocapillary Flow with Longitudinal Temperature Gradient 235

A. Formulation of the Problem 235

B. Numerical Results 237

IV. Thermocapillary Convection in a Liquid Zone with Solid Elements on its Open Surface 246

A. Formulation of the Problem 247

B. Flow Structure and Intensity 249

C. Influence of the Difference Between Liquid and Grid Thermal Properties on the Structure and Intensity of Convection 253

10. Thermocapillary Migration of Bubbles and Drops 255

I. Experiments and Difficulties with Bubble and Drop Migration 255

II. Thermocapillary Migration of Drops and Bubbles in Weightlessness Conditions (Theory) 259

III. Bubble Migration Under Conditions of Weak Buoyancy-Driven Convection (Ground-Based Experiment) 264

IV. Bubble Migration in Thin Horizontal Liquid Layers (Experiment) 267

V. Bubble Migration in a Thin Horizontal Liquid Layer (Theory) 272

VI. Instability and Thermocapillary Migration of Active Drops (Bubbles) in a Surrounding Homogeneous Medium 276

11. Spreading and Layer Breaking Driven by the Marangoni Effect 284

I. Deformation and Rupture of Thin Liquid Layers Caused by the Marangoni Effect 284

A. Deformation and Rupture of Liquid Layers Caused by Thermocapillary Convection 285

B. Deformation and Rupture of Liquid Layers Caused by Solutocapillary Convection 290

II. Suppression of Thermocapillary Surface Deformation by Means of High Frequency Vibrations 296

A. Experimental Set-Up and Procedure 297

B. Effect of Transverse Vibration on the Surface Layer Deformation Caused by Thermocapillary Convection 298

III. Thermocapillary Convection Induced by a Point-Like Heat Source 301

A. Experimental Set-Up 301

B. Heat Transfer Modes 302

C. Flow Structure and Surface Shape 304

12. Parametric Wave Excitation in Nonisothermal Liquid Layers 307

I. Interaction Between Parametric Wave Excitation and Overstability Due to the Marangoni Effect 307

A. Equations and Boundary Conditions 308

B. Instability Threshold 311

C. Cooperative Combined Effect of Thermocapillarity and Vibration and Instability Region 315

II. Parametric Excitation of Thermocapillary Instability Due to a Modulated Heat Flux 322

A. Formulation of the Problem 322

B. Solution of the Problem 326

C. Regions of Parametric Instability 329

13. Thermocapillary Instability of a Liquid Interface Under the Joint Action of High-Frequency Vibration and the Marangoni Effect 335

I. Suppression of Monotonic Surface Tension Gradient (Marangoni) Driven Instability by High-Frequency Vibrations 335

II. Effect of High-Frequency Vibration on the Stability of an Undeformable Interface 341

A. Basic State and Equations for Disturbances in a Two-Layer System with an Inner Flat Interface 341

B. Solution of the Boundary-Value Problem 343

C. Stability Analysis of the Model System 346

D. Liquid-Liquid Interface: Numerical Results for the Benzene-Water System 347

E. Liquid-Gas Interface: Numerical Results for the n-Heptane-Air System 351

III. Effect of High-Frequency Vibration on the Stability of a Two-Layer System with a Deformable Interface 352

A. Two-Layer System with Deformable Interface and Transverse Vibrations 352

B. Base State and Equations for Perturbations 355

C. Instability Threshold Dependence on the Asymmetry in Layer Thicknesses 358

D. Instability Threshold Dependence on the Difference in the Viscosity of the Liquids 360

E. Instability Threshold Dependence on the Difference in Thermal Transport Properties 363.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

0824742958

OCLC:

52558453