Respiratory infections in allergy and asthma / edited by Sebastian L. Johnston, Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Johnston, Sebastian L.

Papadopoulos, Nikolaos G.

Series:

Lung biology in health and disease ; v. 178.

Lung biology in health and disease ; v. 178

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Respiratory infections.

Allergy.

Asthma.

Respiratory Tract Infections.

Medical Subjects:

Respiratory Tract Infections.

Physical Description:

xxvi, 758 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

New York : Marcel Dekker, [2003]

Summary:

This reference presents recent investigations of the role of respiratory infections in protecting against allergy and asthma development, the activation of airway inflammation, and exacerbations of asthma -- exploring cellular and molecular mechanisms, as well as factors including genetics, the environment, and allergen exposure. Respiratory Infections in Allergy and Asthma examines the protective role of respiratory virus infections in the development of allergies and asthma...the relationships among respiratory viral infections, common colds, and asthma exacerbations...RSV bronchiolitis as a risk factor for asthma and allergies...the cellular and molecular interactions regulating viral infection and airway inflammation...human and animal models of respiratory virus infection and asthma exacerbations...and the role of interferons and other therapies in respiratory viral infections.

Contents:

1. Overview on Asthma and the Role of Airway Epithelium / Stephen T. Holgate 1

I. Geographical Variation in Asthma Prevalence: Gene-Environmental Interactions 1

II. The Immunology of Asthma 3

III. Asthma: An Epithelial Disease 5

IV. Asthma: A Disorder of Airway Wall Remodeling 7

V. Virus Interactions with Asthmatic Airways 8

Part 2 Epidemiology

2. Microbiology and Epidemiology of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections / Steven Myint 13

III. Common Clinical Syndromes and Their Epidemiology 14

IV. The Major Viral Pathogens 20

3. Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Virus-Induced Asthma Exacerbations / Philip K. Pattemore 43

II. What Is the Evidence That Virus Infections Trigger Asthma Attacks? 44

III. Do Virus Infections Trigger Asthma Attacks? 81

4. Role of Viral Infection in the Inception of Asthma / Fernando D. Martinez 91

I. RSV, LRI, and Subsequent Wheezing: Two Possible Scenarios 92

II. "Transient" Wheezers and "Persistent" Wheezers 92

III. Heterogeneity of Persistent Wheezing 93

IV. Role of Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness 94

V. Altered Responses to RSV and Subsequent Wheezing 95

5. Respiratory Viruses: Do They Protect From or Induce Asthma? / Patrick Mallia, Sebastian L. Johnston 101

I. Studies Showing an Association with Increased Risk of Asthma 102

II. Studies Reporting a Protective Effect on Asthma 102

III. Daycare and Family Size 103

IV. Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Asthma 104

V. Viral Infections and Asthma Exacerbations 105

VI. Mechanisms of Interaction Between Virus Infections and Asthma 106

VII. Can We Explain the Paradox? 109

Part 3 Immunopathology and Mechanisms of Disease

6. Respiratory Virus Infection of the Lower Airways and the Induction of Acute Asthma Exacerbations / Stelios Psarras, Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos 117

II. From Bronchial Infection to Asthma: Mechanistic Hypotheses 118

III. Viral Agents Involved in Acute Asthma Exacerbations 122

IV. Viruses in the Lung: Clinical Evidence 124

V. In Vitro Studies of Respiratory Virus Infection in Lower Respiratory Cellular Elements 126

VI. Animal Models of Lower Respiratory Tract Viral Infections 128

VII. Experimental Human Studies with RV: The Ultimate Evidence 130

7. Consequences of Respiratory Viral Infection in Airway Epithelial Cells / Susanne Becker, Frederick Henderson 143

II. Inflammatory Mediators Induced by Viral Infection of Airway Epithelium 145

III. Interferons and Respiratory Viral Signaling 154

8. Cytokine Network in Virus Infections and Asthma / Terry L. Noah 173

II. Role of Cytokines in Lung Host Defense 173

III. Cytokine Abnormalities in Asthma 177

IV. Effects of Viral Infection on Cytokines and Airway Inflammation, and Relevance for Asthma 179

9. Molecular Mechanisms of Respiratory Virus-Induced Inflammation / Alberto Papi, Gaetano Caramori, Cinzia M. Bellettato, Ian Adcock, Sebastian L. Johnston 199

II. Cells and Molecules Involved in Respiratory Virus-Driven Airway Inflammation 200

III. Transcription Factors 205

IV. Role of Transcription Factors in the Pathogenesis of Bronchial Asthma 209

V. Respiratory Viruses and Transcription Factors 210

10. Nitric Oxide and Other Inflammatory Mediators / Richard B.R. Muijsers, Frans P. Nijkamp, Gert Folkerts 229

II. Toxic Molecules 229

III. What Can We Measure In Vivo? 232

IV. Reactive Nitrogen Species Make a Difference 233

V. Reactive Nitrogen Species Are a Promising Therapeutic Target 233

VI. Human Mononuclear Phagocytes Do Not Release High Amounts of Nitric Oxide In Vitro 234

VII. Two Faces of Nitric Oxide in the Airways 234

VIII. Reactive Nitrogen Species Are Formed During Allergic Asthma 235

IX. Nitric Oxide and T-Cell Differentiation 235

X. Reactive Nitrogen Species and Allergic Airway Disease 235

XI. Respiratory Tract Infections and Nitric Oxide 241

11. Effects of Virus Infection on Airway Neural Control / Richard W. Costello 251

II. Innervation of the Airways 252

III. Effect of Respiratory Tract Virus Infections on Nerve Function and Neurotransmitter Receptors 258

IV. Effects of Nerves on the Response to Viral Respiratory Tract Infections 266

V. Effect of Treatments on Respiratory Tract Virus Infections 266

Part 4 Models of Virus Infection and Virus-Induced Asthma

12. Animal Models of Viral Respiratory Infections / Rosemary J. Boyton, Peter J. M. Openshaw 279

II. Protective Mechanisms 280

III. Experimental Infection with Influenza Virus 281

IV. Models of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection 287

V. The Antiviral Response: Implications for Delivery of Gene Therapy 289

VI. Lessons for Susceptibility to Asthma 291

13. Modulation of Immune Responses to Virus Infection in the Lung / Tracy Hussell, Ian Humphreys, Gerhard Walzl 299

II. Mechanisms for Inflammation in the Lung 303

III. Strategies to Prevent Eosinophilic Reactions in the Lung 305

IV. Protective Role of Infections in the Establishment of Th2-Mediated Illnesses 313

V. Causative Role for Infections in the Pathogenesis of Asthma 317

14. Animal Models of Allergen and Virus-Induced Asthma / Jurgen Schwarze, Erwin W. Gelfand 329

II. Murine Models of Allergic Asthma 330

III. Murine Models of Virus-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness 343

15. Origin of Respiratory Virus-Induced Chronic Airway Dysfunction: Exploring Genetic, Developmental, and Environmental Factors in a Rat Model of the Asthmatic Phenotype / Louis A. Rosenthal, Ronald L. Sorkness, Robert F. Lemanske, Jr. 365

II. Origins of Asthma: Important Questions 366

III. Rat Model of Respiratory Virus-Induced Chronic Airway Dysfunction 366

IV. Factors Influencing the Expression of Asthma 367

16. Human Experimental Models of Virus Infection and Asthma / Philip G. Bardin, Gwendolyn Sanderson 389

II. Preparation of Validated Inocula 390

III. Experimental RV Infection in Normal and Atopic Subjects: Can Allergies Augment or Protect Against the Effects of RV Colds? 396

IV. Pulmonary Function, Bronchoscopy, and Induced Sputum in Human Experimental Models of Virus Infection 400

Part 5 Clinical Aspects of Respiratory Virus Infection

17. The Interactions of Virus Infection and Allergy / G. Daniel Brooks, James E. Gern, William W. Busse 407

II. Effects of Experimental Rhinovirus Infections on Allergic Responses 408

III. Effects of Atopy on Outcome of Experimental RV Infection 409

IV. Allergic Mechanisms During Viral Infection 411

V. Could Allergic Inflammation Be Protective Against Viral Infections? 417

VI. Other Host Factors That Modify Outcomes of RV Infections: Interferon-[gamma] 418

18. Virus-Induced Wheeze in Young Children: A Separate Disease? / Michael Silverman, Jonathan Grigg, Mike McKean 427

I. Wheezing 427

II. Clinical Features 435

III. Epidemiology and Natural History 444

IV. Immunopathology 452

19. Respiratory Virus Infections in Adults and the Elderly / Iain Stephenson, Karl G. Nicholson 473

II. Assessing the Burden of Respiratory Virus Infection 474

III. Respiratory Virus Infections in Specific Risk Groups 482

IV. Clinical Spectrum of Infection 498

V. Complications 502

VI. Immunity 506

VII. Control 507

20. The Common Cold and Its Relationship to Rhinitis, Sinusitis, Otitis Media, and Asthma / Niels Mygind, Jack M. Gwaltney, Jr., Birgit Winther, J.

Owen Hendley 529

II. The Common Cold 529

III. Relationship Between Common Cold and Rhinitis 533

IV. Relationship Between Common Cold and Conjunctivitis 540

V. Relationship Between Common Cold and Sinusitis 540

VI. Relationship Between Common Cold and Otitis Media 543

VII. Relationship Between Common Cold and Asthma Exacerbations 547

Part 6 Role of Virus Infections in the Development of Asthma

21. The Role of Virus Infections in Early Life and the Development of Asthma: Epidemiology / Erika von Mutius 567

II. Wheezing Illnesses in Infancy and the Childhood Years 568

III. Transient Wheezing of Infancy 568

IV. Wheeze in Preschool Children Aged 3 to 6 Years 571

V. Persistent Wheeze from Infancy to School Age 572

22. Does Respiratory Syncytial Virus Cause Asthma? / Robert C. Welliver 579

II. Is Bronchiolitis in Infancy Associated with Recurrent Wheezing? 580

III. Does Bronchiolitis Result in Long-Term Airway Damage or Hyperreactivity? 583

IV. Does RSV Infection Induce Bronchial Hyperreactivity? 586

V. Does RSV Infection Induce T-Helper Type 2 Responses? 587

VI. Does RSV Infection Sensitize the Host to the Effects of Allergens? 589

VII. Conclusion: What Is the Nature of the Link Between RSV Bronchiolitis and Childhood Asthma? 589

Part 7 Atypical Infections and Asthma

23. Microbiology and Epidemiology of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae in Normal and Asthmatic Subjects / Pekka Saikku 595

II. M. pneumoniae 596

III. C. pneumoniae 599

IV. Treatment 601

V. Association of Atypical Pathogens with Asthma 602

24. Chlamydia/Mycoplasma: Do They Precipitate Acute Asthma Attacks? / Luigi Allegra, Francesco Blasi, Roberto Cosentini, Paolo Tarsia 611

I. Findings in Children 611

II. Findings in Adults 614

25. Chlamydia/Mycoplasma: Do They Chronically Infect and Contribute to Asthma Severity? / E. Rand Sutherland, Richard J. Martin 619

II. Biology of Mycoplasma pneumoniae 620

III. Biology of Chlamydia pneumoniae 621

IV. Is Respiratory Tract Infection an Important Factor in Asthma Pathogenesis 623

V. Animal Models of Viral Respiratory Tract Infection-Induced Airway Damage 624

VI. Are Models of Virus-Induced Airway Damage Relevant to the Study of Atypical Bacterial Airway Infection? 628

VII. What Is the Clinical and Epidemiological Evidence for and Association Between Respiratory Infection and Asthma? 629

VIII. Association Between Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Asthma 630

IX. Association Between Chlamydia pneumoniae and Asthma 632

X. Additional Epidemiological Data from Large Cohort Studies 633

XI. Animal Models of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection 635

XII. Animal Models of Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection 637

XIII. Can Mycoplasma pneumoniae Cause Chronic Airway Infection? 637

XIV. Role of Antimicrobial Therapy in Modifying the Clinical Expression of Asthma 638

26. Chlamydia/Mycoplasma: Do They Cause New-Onset Asthma in Adults? / David L. Hahn 645

II. Definitions of New-Onset Asthma 645

III. Illness Burden Due to Various Forms of Asthma 647

IV. Asthma or COPD? 647

V. Asthma Temporal Trends 648

VI. Chlamydia/Mycoplasma and Asthma Initiation in Adults 650

VII. Future Prospects 655

VIII. In Vitro and In Vivo Observations Relating to Pathogenesis 656

Part 8 Treatment of Respiratory Infections and Virus-Induced Asthma

27. Therapeutic Trials for Chlamydia pneumoniae in Asthma / Peter N. Black 663

II. Macrolide Antibiotics and Asthma 663

III. Treatment of Infection with C. pneumoniae in Asthma 665

IV. CARM Study 666

V. Mechanism of Action of Roxithromycin 669

VI. Other Recent Studies 670

VII. Design of Future Studies 670

28. Treatment of the Common Cold: Prospects and Implications for the Treatment of Asthma Exacerbations / Dean D. Creer, Colin M. Gelder, Sebastian L. Johnston 675

II. Epidemiology and Complications 676

III. Mechanisms of Virus-Induced Inflammation 677

IV. Therapeutic Options 680

V. Future Avenues for Treatment Development 699

VI. Targeting At-Risk Populations 700

29. Therapy for Virus-Induced Asthma Exacerbations: Current Status and Future Prospects / Iolo J. M. Doull 711

II. Differences Between Asthma and Virus-Associated Wheeze 711

III. Therapies for Virus-Associated Wheezing Syndrome 713

IV. Commencing Inhaled Corticosteroids at Onset of Symptoms 725

V. Increasing the Dosage of Inhaled Corticosteroids 727

VI. Addition of Long-Acting [beta subscript 2]-Agonists in Subjects Already Receiving Inhaled Corticosteroids 729

VII. Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists 731

VIII. Anti-Immunoglobulin E Antibody (Omalizumab) 733.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

0824741269

OCLC:

52523397