Compact blue-green lasers / W.P. Risk, T.R. Gosnell, A.V. Nurmikko.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Risk, William Paul.

Contributor:

Gosnell, Timothy R., 1957-

Nurmikko, Arto V.

Class of 1924 Book Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Semiconductor lasers.

Physical Description:

xii, 540 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm

Place of Publication:

Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Summary:

The first fully comprehensive, graduate-level volume on the generation and application of blue-green lasers.

Contents:

1 The need for compact blue-green lasers 1

1.1 A short historical overview 1

1.2 Applications for compact blue-green lasers 3

1.2.1 Optical data storage 3

1.2.2 Reprographics 5

1.2.3 Color displays 6

1.2.4 Submarine communications 8

1.2.5 Spectroscopic applications 12

1.2.6 Biotechnology 14

1.3 Blue-green and beyond 17

Part 1 Blue-green lasers based on nonlinear frequency conversion 20

2 Fundamentals of nonlinear frequency upconversion 20

2.2 Basic principles of SHG and SFG 21

2.2.1 The nature of the nonlinear polarization 21

2.2.2 Frequencies of the induced polarization 23

2.2.3 The d coefficient 28

2.2.4 The generated wave 30

2.2.5 SHG with monochromatic waves 34

2.2.6 Multi-longitudinal mode sources 34

2.2.7 Pump depletion 38

2.3 Spatial confinement 43

2.3.1 Boyd-Kleinman analysis for SHG with circular gaussian beams 43

2.3.2 Guided-wave SHG 51

2.4 Phasematching 56

2.4.2 Birefringent phasematching 57

2.4.3 Quasi-phasematching (QPM) 71

2.4.4 Waveguide phasematching 90

2.4.5 Other phasematching techniques 97

2.5 Materials for nonlinear generation of blue-green light 101

2.5.2 Lithium niobate (LN) 101

2.5.3 Lithium tantalate (LT) 108

2.5.4 Potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) 110

2.5.5 Rubidium titanyl arsenate (RTA) 115

2.5.6 Other KTP isomorphs 119

2.5.7 Potassium niobate (KN) 119

2.5.8 Potassium lithium niobate (KLN) 121

2.5.9 Lithium iodate 123

2.5.10 Beta barium borate (BBO) and lithium borate (LBO) 124

3 Single-pass SHG and SFG 149

3.2 Direct single-pass SHG of diode lasers 151

3.2.1 Early experiments with gain-guided lasers 151

3.2.2 Early experiments with index-guided lasers 154

3.2.3 High-power index-guided narrow-stripe lasers 156

3.2.4 Multiple-stripe arrays 157

3.2.5 Broad-area lasers 160

3.2.6 Master oscillator-power amplifier (MOPA) configurations 161

3.2.7 Angled-grating distributed feedback (DFB) lasers 169

3.3 Single-pass SHG of diode-pumped solid-state lasers 170

3.3.1 Frequency-doubling of 1064-nm Nd:YAG lasers 177

3.3.2 Frequency-doubling of 946-nm Nd:YAG lasers 177

3.3.3 Sum-frequency mixing 178

4 Resonator-enhanced SHG and SFG 183

4.2 Theory of resonator enhancement 187

4.2.1 The impact of loss 189

4.2.2 Impedance matching 191

4.2.3 Frequency matching 193

4.2.4 Approaches to frequency locking 194

4.2.5 Mode matching 207

4.3.1 Temperature locking 213

4.3.2 Modulation 214

4.3.3 Bireflection in monolithic ring resonators 215

5 Intracavity SHG and SFG 223

5.2 Theory of intracavity SHG 224

5.3 The "green problem" 229

5.3.1 The problem itself 229

5.3.2 Solutions to the "green problem" 231

5.3.3 Single-mode operation 235

5.4 Blue lasers based on intracavity SHG of 946-nm Nd:YAG lasers 245

5.5 Intracavity SHG of Cr:LiSAF lasers 249

5.6 Self-frequency-doubling 250

5.6.1 Nd:LN 251

5.6.2 NYAB 252

5.6.3 Periodically-poled materials 253

5.6.4 Other materials 253

5.7 Intracavity sum-frequency mixing 253

6 Guided-wave SHG 263

6.2 Fabrication issues 264

6.3 Integration issues 269

6.3.1 Feedback and frequency stability 270

6.3.2 Polarization compatibility 276

6.3.3 Coupling 282

6.3.4 Control of the phasematching condition 283

6.3.5 Extrinsic efficiency enhancement 284

Part 2 Upconversion lasers: Physics and devices 292

7 Essentials of upconversion laser physics 292

7.1 Introduction to upconversion lasers and rare-earth optical physics 292

7.1.1 Overview of rare-earth spectroscopy 295

7.1.2 Qualitative features of rare-earth spectroscopy 296

7.2 Elements of atomic structure 303

7.2.1 The effective central potential 303

7.2.2 Electronic structure of the free rare-earth ions 306

7.3 The Judd-Ofelt expression for optical intensities 324

7.3.1 Basic formulation 325

7.3.2 The Judd-Ofelt expression for the oscillator strength 329

7.3.3 Selection rules for electric dipole transitions 336

7.4 Nonradiative relaxation 338

7.5 Radiationless energy transfer 341

7.6 Mechanisms of upconversion 345

7.6.1 Resonant multi-photon absorption 345

7.6.2 Cooperative upconversion 348

7.6.3 Rate equation formulation of upconversion by radiationless energy transfer 357

7.6.4 The photon avalanche 360

7.7 Essentials of laser physics 363

7.7.1 Qualitative picture 364

7.7.2 Rate equations for continuous-wave amplification and laser oscillation 365

8 Upconversion lasers 385

8.1 Historical introduction 385

8.2 Bulk upconversion lasers 397

8.2.1 Upconversion pumped Er[superscript 3+] infrared lasers 398

8.2.2 Er[superscript 3+] visible upconversion lasers 410

8.2.3 Tm[superscript 3+] upconversion lasers 420

8.2.4 Pr[superscript 3+] upconversion lasers 424

8.2.5 Nd[superscript 3+] upconversion lasers 425

8.3 Upconversion fiber lasers 427

8.3.1 Er[superscript 3+] fiber lasers; [superscript 4]S[subscript 3/2] to [superscript 4]I[subscript 15/2] transition at 556 nm 433

8.3.2 Tm[superscript 3+] fiber lasers 436

8.3.3 Pr[superscript 3+] fiber lasers 445

8.3.4 Ho[superscript 3+] fiber lasers, [superscript 5]S[subscript 2] to [superscript 5]I[subscript 8] transition at [similar]550 nm 455

8.3.5 Nd[superscript 3+] fiber lasers 457

8.4 Prospects 458

Part 3 Blue-green semiconductor lasers 468

9 Introduction to blue-green semiconductor lasers 468

9.2 Overview of physical properties of wide-bandgap semiconductors 470

9.2.1 Lattice matching 470

9.2.2 Epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELOG) 472

9.2.3 Basic physical parameters 474

9.3 Doping in wide-gap semiconductors 475

9.4 Ohmic contacts for p-type wide-gap semiconductors 478

9.4.1 Ohmic contacts to p-AlGaInN 479

9.4.2 New approaches to p-contacts 481

9.4.3 Ohmic contacts to p-ZnSe: bandstructure engineering 482

10 Device design, performance, and physics of optical gain of the InGaN QW violet diode lasers 487

10.1 Overview of blue and green diode laser device issues 487

10.2 The InGaN MQW violet diode laser: Design and performance 488

10.2.1 Layered design and epitaxial growth 488

10.2.2 Diode laser fabrication and performance 496

10.3 Physics of optical gain in the InGaN MQW diode laser 501

10.3.1 On the electronic microstructure of InGaN QWs 506

10.3.2 Excitonic contributions in green-blue ZnSe-based QW diode lasers 509

11 Prospects and properties for vertical-cavity blue light emitters 517

11.2 Optical resonator design and fabrication: Demonstration of optically-pumped VCSEL operation in the 380-410-nm range 518

11.2.1 All-dielectric DBR resonator 519

11.2.2 Stress engineering of AlGaN/GaN DBRs 521

11.3 Electrical injection: Demonstration resonant-cavity LEDs 524.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Class of 1924 Book Fund.

ISBN:

0521521033

OCLC:

50583133

Online:

Publisher description