Gut flora, nutrition, immunity and health / edited by Roy Fuller & Gabriela Perdigón.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Fuller, R.

Perdigón, G. (Gabriela)

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Intestines--Microbiology.

Intestines.

Nutrition.

Functional foods.

Digestion.

Intestines--microbiology.

Dietary Supplements.

Digestion--physiology.

Medical Subjects:

Intestines--microbiology.

Dietary Supplements.

Digestion--physiology.

Nutrition.

Physical Description:

xii, 276 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm

Place of Publication:

Oxford ; Malden, MA : Blackwell Pub., 2003.

Summary:

Major topics covered include probiotics and functional foods, the immune system in health and disease, oral tolerance, food and allergic disease, and carcinogenesis. Each chapter carefully reviews the latest research and relevant facts on the subject, making this book a valuable learning tool that no research library should be without.

Contents:

1 The Intestinal Microflora / G.W. Tannock 1

From Petri dish to polyacrylamide gel 1

Catalogues show diversity 7

A phoenix arises 7

Is it all the same in the end? 12

The formative years 14

Rules and regulations, but mind your language 15

2 Food and the Large Intestine / S. Macfarlane, G.T. Macfarlane 24

The large intestine 24

Interactions of the microflora with the host 26

Effect of diet on the colonic microflora 26

Diet and bacterial species composition in the large intestine 26

Diet and bacterial metabolism 28

Intestinal bacteria and vitamins 30

Bacterial growth substrates in the large intestine 31

Breakdown of complex carbohydrates by intestinal bacteria 32

Protein breakdown by gut microorganisms 35

Toxological implications of amino acid fermentation 36

Effects of carbohydrate on amino acid fermentation 38

Short-chain fatty acids 39

Effect of diet on SCFA production 40

In vitro studies on SCFA production 40

SCFA and cell metabolism 41

SCFA and colon cancer 41

Lactate formation by gut microorganisms 41

3 The Health Benefits of Probiotics and Prebiotics / G.R. Gibson, R.A. Rastall, R. Fuller 52

Probiotics 55

Composition of probiotic preparations 55

Tracking probiotics through the gut 57

Prebiotics 59

Oligosaccharides as prebiotics 59

Lactulose 60

Inulin and fructooligosaccharides 60

Galactooligosaccharides 61

Soybean oligosaccharides 62

Lactosucrose 62

Isomaltooligosaccharides 63

Glucooligosaccharides 63

Xylooligosaccharides 64

Current status 64

Persistence of the prebiotic effect to distal regions of the colon 65

Anti-adhesive activities against pathogens and toxins 65

Targeted prebiotics 65

Attenuative properties 66

Defined health outcomes of probiotics and prebiotics 66

Improved tolerance to lactose 66

Protection from gastroenteritis 67

Coronary heart disease 67

Colon cancer 68

Vitamin synthesis 68

Irritable bowel syndrome 68

Improved digestion and gut function 68

Immunomodulation 69

Mineral bioavailability 69

4 Intestinal Microflora and Metabolic Activity / A. Perez Chaia, G. Oliver 77

Dietary carbohydrates 77

Bacterial fermentation 79

SCFA production 82

SCFA and electrolytes absorption 84

Colonic metabolism 87

Physiological consequences of SCFA absorption 87

Probiotics and the intestinal metabolism of carbohydrates 89

5 The Role of the Immune System / C.M. Riera, M. Maccioni, C.E. Sotomayor 99

Overview of the immune system 99

Innate immune response 100

Early induced immune response 103

Adaptative immune response 104

B lymphocytes and the immunoglobulins 104

T lymphocytes and the T cell receptor complex 109

APCs and the MHC molecules 110

Education of lymphocytes in the primary lymphoid organs 115

Education of T lymphocytes in the thymus 115

Education of B lymphocytes in the bone marrow 117

The immune system functioning 119

Peripheral lympoid tissues, a place where lymphocytes meet the antigen 119

Lymphocyte traffic 120

Activation of T cells 121

Cell-mediated immune response: generation of armed effector T cells 122

Generation of Th1 and Th2 cells 122

Cytotoxic T cells 124

Humoral immune response 125

Activation of B cells in the secondary lymphoid organs 125

Kinetics of the immune response 130

Endogenous regulation of the immune response 130

Tolerance to T cell repertoire 131

Tolerance to B cell repertoire 132

Immunoregulation 133

6 Behaviour of the Immune System in Eating Disorders / A. Marcos, E. Nova, S. Lopez-Varela 137

Relationship between nutrition and the immune system 137

The defence of the organism 137

Immune system behaviour under malnutrition 138

Effects of micronutrients on the immune system 139

Antioxidant vitamins 143

The immune system in eating disorders 146

Eating disorders as a clear example of malnutrition 146

Cytokine participation over the lack of infection in eating disorders 146

The interrelationship between leptin and cytokines 147

7 Mucosal Immune System and Malnutrition / M.E. Roux, N.H. Slobodianik, P. Gauffin Cano, G. Perdigon 155

Mucosal immunity 155

Organized mucosal lymphoid tissues 156

Antigen uptake 156

Role of epithelial, toll-like receptors and dentritic cells 156

Tolerance to food 160

Effect of nutritional factors on the microenvironment of mucosal immune system 160

Nutrition and immunity 161

Nutritional effects on immune mechanisms 161

Essential amino acid deficiency and immune response 162

Nutritional deficiencies and mucosal immune defence systems in animals 163

Probiotics in malnutrition 166

Protein malnutrition and immune response 167

Effects of probiotic addition to a renutrition diet 168

8 Immune Activation Versus Hyporesponsiveness and Tolerance in the Gut / J. Chin, A. Mullbacher 178

Innate and adaptative immunity 179

Antigen and the T cell response 180

Antigen-presenting cells in the GIT 181

T cell function in the GIT

the CD4[superscript +] population 181

[gamma delta] T cells 183

Turnover of T cells 184

Intestinal epithelial cells 184

Peyer's patches

suppression of T cell responsiveness 185

Probiotic bacteria

a biological role as live or dead organisms 187

Immune activation by probiotic bacteria feeding 187

Probiosis

is it Gram-positive versus Gram-negative bacteria or is it live versus dead bacteria? 192

9 Food Hypersensitivity and Allergic Diseases / R.K. Chandra 201

Immunological mechanisms 201

Food allergens 202

Clinical manifestations 202

Identification of high risk infants for prevention 204

Preventive measures 204

Breast feeding 204

Hydrolysed formulas 205

Other measures 206

Management of food allergy 206

10 Nutritional and Microbial Modulation of Carcinogenesis / R. Hughes, I. Rowland 208

Bacteria and cancer overview 209

Bacterial metabolites 211

Enzyme activities 211

[beta]-glucuronidase and [beta]-glycosidase 211

Enzymic hydrolysis of plant flavonoids 212

Nitroreductase and nitrate reductase 213

Metabolism of heterocyclic amines 213

Metabolism of sulphur-containing compounds 214

Secondary bile acids 215

Fecapentaenes 216

Reduced exposure to toxic compounds 217

Formation of toxic and protective agents during fermentation 217

Carbohydrate fermentation 218

Short chain fatty acids 218

Products of colonic protein fermentation 219

Probiotics, prebiotics and cancer 220

11 The Role of Nutrition in Immunity of the Aged / S. Walrand, M.-P. Vasson, B. Lesourd 237

Aging and immune function 238

Innate immune system 238

Age-related changes in skin and mucous barriers 238

Age-related changes in phagocytic cells 238

Age-related changes in natural killer cells 243

Acquired immune system 244

Age-related involution of thymic function 244

Quantitative and qualitative changes in T cell subpopulations in the elderly 244

Age-related changes in T cell function 246

Changes in B cell number and function in the elderly 247

Nutritional regulation of immune function of the aged 248

Effect of protein-energy malnutrition on immune responses in aged people 248

Alterations in polymorphonuclear functions during PEM in the elderly 248

Alterations in monocyte/macrophage functions during PEM in the elderly 250

Alterations in T-cell mediated immunity during PEM in the elderly 250

Alterations in B-cell mediated immunity during PEM 252

Immune response during nutritional recovery in undernourished elderly persons 252

Influence of nutritional recovery on PMN function in old age 252

Influence of nutritional recovery on T cell function in old age 253

Influence of nutritional supplementation in healthy well-nourished elderly subjects 255.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

1405100001

OCLC:

50959010