Veterinary diagnostic imaging : the dog and cat / Charles S. Farrow.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Farrow, Charles S.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Dogs--Diseases--Diagnosis.

Dogs.

Cats--Diseases--Diagnosis.

Cats.

Veterinary diagnostic imaging.

Dog Diseases--diagnostic imaging.

Cat Diseases--diagnostic imaging.

Diagnostic Imaging--veterinary.

Medical Subjects:

Dog Diseases--diagnostic imaging.

Cat Diseases--diagnostic imaging.

Diagnostic Imaging--veterinary.

Physical Description:

volumes : illustrations ; 29 cm

Place of Publication:

St. Louis, Mo. : Mosby, c2003-

Summary:

This new text is destined to be a bench reference for years to come! With thorough coverage, a unique approach, and consistent organization throughout, Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging: The Dog and Cat is your well-referenced guide to all imaging technologies. Organized by region, with specific structures addressed within each region, this invaluable work presents the necessary background information along with normal anatomy and positioning for specific structures, followed by imaging findings and then specific problems. Radiology comprises the greatest part of any discussion, supplemented as appropriate with ultrasound, CT, and MRI.

Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging: The Dog and Cat has been designed not only as a textbook, but as an instrument for self-directed learning, equally valuable to veterinarians and students alike.

Contents:

Section I The Extremities 1

1 Extremital Radiographic Disease Indicators 1

Periosteal New Bone 1

Joint Bodies (Intraarticular Bone Fragments) 7

Periarticular Osteophytes 9

Extraarticular Osteophytes 9

Enthesiophytes 9

Localized Bone Loss 10

Localized Bone Deposition 15

Metaphyseal Lysis 15

Osteopenia 15

Dislocation (Subluxation, Luxation) 15

Limb Deformity (Angular Limb Deformity) 17

Soft Tissue Swelling 17

2 Extremital Injury 21

Muscle Bruises and Hematomas 21

Strains, Tendinitis, and Bursitis 23

Major Tears, Laceration, and Trauma-related Infection and Abscess 23

Sprains and Dislocations 27

Soft Tissue Foreign Bodies 39

Fractures 40

Limb Deformity Secondary to Growth Plate Fracture and Early Closure 72

3 Osteoarthritis 93

The Language of Arthritis 93

4 Extremital Infection 106

Methods and Sensitivity of Imaging Bone Infections 106

Radiographic Disease Indicators of Bone Infection 107

Nonspecific Bacterial Bone Infections 107

Surgical Infections 107

Some Specific Types of Bone Infections 107

Consequences of Bone Infections 116

Septic Arthritis Leading to Intraarticular Bone Infections 117

Differentiating Infection from Cancer 118

Abscesses 119

5 Extremital Bone Tumors 121

Benign Bone Tumors 121

Malignant Bone Tumors 121

Characterization and Differentiation of Digital Tumors and Infections 131

Tumorlike Bone Lesions 133

Soft Tissue Tumors that Invade Adjacent Bone 134

6 Extremital Soft Tissue Tumors 137

Lipoma 137

Liposarcoma 137

7 Osteochondritis 138

Commonly Affected Breeds 138

Characteristic Lesions According to Site 138

Classification Schemes 163

8 Congenital and Developmental Bone Disease 167

The Role of Dietary Calcium in the Development of Bone Disease 167

Partial Absence of Distal Limb 167

Panosteitis 167

Metaphyseal Osteopathy (Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy) 167

Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy 168

Retained Cartilage Core (Retained Hypertrophied Enchondral Cartilage in the Ulnar Metaphysis) 169

Hypochondroplastic Dwarfism 173

Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism 175

Scottish Fold Osteodystrophy 175

Skeletal and Ocular Dysplasia in Labrador Retrievers 176

Congenital Hypothyroidism 176

Disseminated Idiopathic Hyperostosis 176

9 Miscellaneous Extremital Disorders 177

Dislocation of the Patella (Patella Subluxation, Patella Luxation) 177

Mineralization of the Supraspinatus Tendon 177

Mineralization of the Biceps Brachii Tendon 178

Bicipital Tenosynovitis 178

Gastrocnemius Avulsion 178

Tumoral Calcinosis 179

Calcaneal Dislocation of the Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon 180

Bone Infarct 180

Strained Iliopsoas Muscle 180

Osteopetrosis Secondary to Myelophthisic Anemia 180

Arteriovenous Fistula 180

Skeletal Leishmaniasis 180

Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor 181

Neuroma 181

Extremital Ischemia 182

Villonodular Synovitis 182

Hindquarter Weakness and Pain Due to Aortoiliac Thrombus 183

Intravenous Catheter Fragments 184

Dislocated Surgical Pins 184

10 Skeletal Deficiencies, Dysplasias, and Deformities 186

Delayed Growth Plate Closure in Castrated and Spayed Cats 186

Ectrodactyly 186

Rickets, Secondary to Cholestasis 186

Congenital Elbow Dislocation 186

Divided Distal Radius 190

Incomplete Ossification of the Humeral Condyle 190

Osteogenesis Imperfecta 190

Erythrocyte Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency in Basenjis 191

Section II The Skull, Brain, Eye, and Ear 193

11 Radiographic Disease Indicators of the Skull 193

Nasal Mass 193

Nasal Fluid 193

Deviation and Destruction of the Vomer 193

Conchal Disappearance 193

Lateral Nasal Bone Destruction 193

Increased Jaw Density 193

Decreased Jaw Density 194

Increased Cranial Density 194

Decreased Cranial Density 194

12 Head Injury and Infection 195

Facial Injuries 195

Mandibular and Maxillary Injuries 195

Temporomandibular Joint Injuries and Motion Impairing Disorders 195

Ankylosis and Impingement Exostosis 195

Congenital Temporomandibular Deformity and Dislocation 195

Cranial Injuries 196

13 Skull Tumors 199

Cranial Tumors 199

Facial Tumors 199

Mandibular Tumors 199

14 Nasal Cavity Disease 204

Nasal Tumor (Intranasal Tumor, Nasal Cavity Tumor) 204

Sinonasal Inflammatory Disease 210

15 Dental, Gum, and Tongue Disease 212

Dental Disease in Dogs and Cats 212

Normal Teeth 212

A Simplified Radiographic Approach to Dental Disease 212

Periodontitis 212

Dental Abscess 212

Cavities and Root Resorption 215

Dental Fracture and Dislocation 215

Retained Dental Roots and Root Fragments 216

Dental and Periodontal Tumors 216

Gum and Tongue 216

16 Brain Disease and Injury (Intracranial Lesions) 218

Methods of Imaging the Brain: Introduction 218

Normal Ventricular Variation 220

Choosing the Correct Study 220

Craniocerebral Trauma 220

Seizure 221

Focal Granulomatous Meningoencephalitis 221

Brain Tumors 221

Encephalitis 224

Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis (Necrotizing Encephalitis) 225

Aspergillosis 225

Blastomycosis 226

Abscessation (Brain Abscess) 226

Hydrocephalus 226

Brain Cysts 227

Stroke (Cerebral Infarction, Cerebrovascular "Accident") 228

Normal Anatomic Variants 228

Brain Biopsy 228

Computed Tomographic Evaluation of the Postoperative Brain 229

17 The Ear 231

Inflammation and Infection 231

Inflammatory Polyps 234

Otoliths 235

Aural Tumors 235

18 The Eye and Orbit 236

Sonography of the Eye: An Overview 236

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Eye and Orbit: An Overview 236

Orbital Disease and Periorbital Disease 241

Orbital Emphysema 241

Exophthalmia 242

Retrobulbar Abscess 242

19 Miscellaneous Diseases 244

Mandibular Infection 244

Craniomandibular Osteopathy 244

Congenital Orofacial Deformity 244

Section III The Spine 249

20 Spinal Radiographic Disease Indicator 249

Diagnostic Imperatives: Careful Positioning and Comparative Assessment 249

Diminished Disk Size (Diminished Disk Space) 249

New Bone Deposition 249

Localized Bone Loss 254

Diffuse Bone Loss 255

Altered Vertebral Shape 256

Vertebral Endplate Alterations 257

21 Congenital Spinal Malformations (Congenital Spinal Anomalies) 258

Atlantoaxial Dislocation 258

Blocked Vertebrae (Block Vertebrae) 258

Hemivertebra 258

Lumbarization 258

Sacralization 262

22 Developmental Spinal and Spinal Cord Disorders Causing Cord and Nerve Root Compression 263

Spinal Arachnoid Cyst 263

Dermoid Sinus 263

Epidermoid Cyst 263

Facetal, Juxtaarticular, Synovial, and Ganglion Cysts 264

Hydromyelia 264

Spinal Meningocele 264

Meningomyelocele 264

Syringomyelia 264

Spinal Tumoral Calcinosis 264

Vertebral Angiomatosis 264

Cervical Spondylopathy (Wobbler Syndrome, Cervical Vertebral Instability, Caudal Cervical Spondylomyelopathy) 264

Cauda Equina Syndrome (Lumbosacral Stenosis, Degenerative Lumbosacral Stenosis) 268

23 Spinal and Related Spinal Cord Injury 275

Spinal Fractures and Dislocations 275

Cervical Spinal Fractures 275

Traumatic Disk Rupture 280

Traumatic Dural Laceration 284

24 Disk Disease (Intervertebral Disk Disease, Degenerative Disk Disease, Extradural Degenerative Disease, Ventral Segment Disease) 285

Intervertebral Disk: Relevant Anatomy 285

Lesion Prevalence 286

Plain Radiography (Survey Radiography) 286

Myelography 288

Cord Swelling 299

Epidurography, Intraosseous Vertebral Venography, and Diskography 299

Bulging Disk 300

Ruptured Disk 300

Magnetic Resonance Imaging 300

25 Spondylosis, Facetal Arthritis, and Dural Ossification Spondylosis 303

26 Spinal Infection (Vertebral Osteomyelitis, Vertebral Body Osteomyelitis) 305

Spondylitis 305

Discospondylitis 306

Vertebral Physitis 306

Deep Paraspinal Abscess 308

27 Spinal Tumors (Vertebral Tumors) and Tumorlike Lesions 310

Specific Tumor Types 315

28 Miscellaneous Spinal Disease and Diagnostic Procedures 319

Hypervitaminosis A 319

Mucopolysaccharidosis 319

Spinal Cord Malacia 319

Color and Spectral Doppler of Spinal Cord Vasculature 319

Computed Tomographic Spinal Surveys 319

Section IV The HIPS and Pelvis 321

29 Radiographic Disease Indicators: Pelvis and Hips 321

Pelvic Fractures and Hip Dysplasia 321

30 Pelvic Fractures 322

Fracture Patterns and the Concept of the Weight-bearing Ring 322

Adverse Outcomes of Pelvic Fractures 322

Associated Injuries 322

31 Pelvic Infection, Tumor, and Miscellaneous Disease 325

Caution: Potential Misdiagnosis 325

Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head: Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease 325

Radiographic Disease Indicators of Avascular Necrosis (in Order of Appearance) 325

Congenital Epiphyseal Dysplasia 325

32 Fractures and Dislocation of the Hip Joint (Coxal Joint, Coxofemoral Joint) 329

Acetabular Fractures 329

Proximal Femoral Fractures 329

Capital Physeal Fractures 329

Epiphysiolysis of the Femoral Head 329

Femoral Head Fractures 332

Femoral Neck Fractures 333

Trochanteric Fractures 333

Dislocation and Fracture-Dislocation of the Hip 333

Postoperative Assessment of Femoral Ostectomy Muscle Flap 334

Paracoxal Mass in Doberman Pinschers 337

33 Hip Dysplasia 338

Early Detection of Hip Dysplasia: A Comparison of Methods 339

When to Certify 339

Making and Marking Pelvic Images for Certification 339

Normal Breed Variations 339

Radiographic Features 339

Unilateral Hip Dysplasia 342

Stressing a Suspicious Hip 342

Differentiating the Dysplastic from the Previously Injured Hip 346

Explaining Results to Owners 346

Prognosis for the Dysplastic Hip: Myth and Reality 348

Surgical Treatment of Hip Dysplasia 348

Hip Dysplasia in Cats 351

Sonographic Evaluation of Puppy Hips 351

34 Hip Infections 353

Imaging Findings 353

Section V The Throat, Neck, and Thorax 355

Normal Pharynx 335

Normal Larynx 356

Swallowing: A Cineradiographic Perspective 356

Exterior Foreign Body Causing Partial Strangulation 358

Nature and Sonographic Appearance of Cervical Masses 358

Specific Pharyngeal Disorders 358

Abnormal Larynx 359

Specific Laryngeal Disorders 360

Salivary Gland Disease 361

Retropharyngeal Adenopathy 362

Parathyroid Masses 362

Thyroid Masses and Hyperthyroidism 363

Punctured Trachea and Ruptured Trachea 364

Tracheal Stenosis 364

Tracheal Dilation 364

Tracheitis and Tracheobronchitis 364

Throat and Neck Tumors 365

Tracheal Foreign Body 365

36 Thoracic Radiographic Disease Indicators 368

Normal Anatomic Variants That Resemble Thoracic RDIs 368

Normal Physiologic Variants That Resemble Thoracic RDIs 368

Positional Variants That Resemble Thoracic RDIs 368

Technical Variants That Resemble Thoracic RDIs 368

Thoracic Radiographic Disease Indicators (Thoracic RDIs) 369

Ultrasound-Guided Thoracic Biopsy 390

37 Lung Patterns 393

Historical Perspective 393

Application of Pattern Recognition in Veterinary Radiology 393

Problems With Pattern Recognition 394

Proposed Modifications to Pattern Recognition 395

Using Pattern Recognition 395

Age-Related Pulmonary Fibrosis (Geriatric Fibrosis, "Old Dog Lung": Does It Really Exist?) 395

38 Thoracic Trauma 397

Chest Wall Injury 397

Sternal Fracture 397

Normal Sternal Variant or Old Injury? 396

Sternal Tumors, Infections, and Gas 396

Pleural Hemorrhage and Hematoma 397

Lung Injury 397

Thoracic Gunshot Wounds 404

Mediastinal Injury 405

39 Pneumonia 407

Classification 407

Bacterial Pneumonia 408

Actinomycosis 408

Parasitic Pneumonia 408

Fungal Pneumonias (Mycotic Pneumonias) 412

Fungal-like Pneumonias: Actinomycosis and Nocardiosis 415

Lipid Pneumonia 415

Foreign Body Pneumonia and Abscessation 416

40 Pleuritis 419

41 Chylothorax and Peripheral and Central Lymphangiography 421

Chylothorax 421

Imaging Findings 421

Diagnostic Strategy 421

Peripheral and Central Lymphangiography 421

42 Lung Tumor 423

Primary Lung Tumor 423

Pulmonary Metastasis (Secondary Lung Tumor) 423

Why Lung Lesions May Show Better in One Lateral View Than in Another 424

Typical Appearances of Pulmonary Metastasis 426

Is the Lesion Growing? 427

Unusual Radiographic Features of Pulmonary Metastasis 427

Some Specific Tumor Types 429

Pulmonary Lymphosarcoma 431

Benign Lung Tumor 431

43 Lung Edema (Pulmonary Edema) 433

First Decision: Cardiac or Noncardiac? 433

44 Miscellaneous Lung Diseases 436

Allergic Bronchitis (Feline Asthma, Asthma) 436

Lung-Lobe Torsion 436

Smoke Inhalation 438

Near Drowning 438

Near Strangulation 439

Warfarin Poisoning 439

Paraquat Poisoning and Other Forms of Fibrosing Lung Disease 440

Electric Shock 440

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 441

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 443

Feline Endogenous Lipid Pneumonia 443

Pulmonary Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism, and Pulmonary Thromboembolism 443

Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema 444

Pulmonary Infiltrates With Eosinophilia 445

Idiopathic Pulmonary Ossification 445

Generalized Pulmonary Calcification Secondary to Cushing's Disease 446

Pulmonary Arterial and Parenchymal Calcification 446

Congenital Pulmonary Cysts 446

Radiation Pneumonitis 446

Pulmonary Foreign Body 447

Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia 447

Pulmonary Granulomatosis 447

45 Airway Disease 449

Laryngeal Paralysis 449

Tracheitis 449

Tracheal Hypoplasia 449

Tracheal Collapse 449

Abnormal Tracheal Distension (Tracheal Dilation, Tracheal Ballooning) 450

Tracheal Tumors 451

Tracheal Polyps 451

Tracheal and Bronchial Parasites 451

Differential Diagnosis for a Discrete Tracheal Mass or Nodule 451

Bronchial Foreign Body 451

Bronchocutaneous Fistula 451

Bronchitis: The Invisible Disease 451

Bronchiectasis 453

Emphysema 454

46 Mediastinal Disease 456

Approach to Mediastinal Masses 456

Differentiation of Mediastinal and Pulmonary Masses 456

Mediastinal Mass Effects 456

Cranial and Middle Mediastinal Tumors 457

Lymphosarcoma 459

Histiocytosis (Malignant Histiocytosis, Histiocytic Sarcoma) 461

Vascular Mediastinal Tumors 462

Mediastinal Cysts 462

Mediastinal Infection 462

Mediastinal Abscess 463

Mediastinal Air (Pneumomediastinum) 463

Mediastinal Hemorrhage (Hemomediastinum) 464

Mediastinal Blastomycosis 464

47 Disorders of the Thoracic Esophagus 466

Esophageal Foreign Object (Body) 466

Esophageal Perforation 466

Esophageal Enlargement (Megaesophagus) 466

Esophageal Transport Disease (Delayed Esophageal Transport, Esophageal Motility Dysfunction, Esophageal Motility Disorder) 466

Esophagitis 470

Esophageal Stricture (Esophageal Stenosis) 470

Radiographic and Fluoroscopic Evaluation of Therapeutic Esophageal Dilation 470

Esophageal Tumor 470

Esophageal Fistula 471

Esophageal Hematoma 471

Vomiting and Its Temporary Effect on the Esophagus 471

Esophageal Gas in Healthy Dogs 472

48 Diaphragmatic Hernia 473

Diaphragmatic Variation, Visibility, Displacement, and Disfiguration 473

Diaphragmatic Tearing With Passage of One or More Abdominal Organs into the Thorax (Diaphragmatic Rupture, Diaphragmatic Hernia) 473

Positive and Negative Contrast Peritonography 476

Pleuroperitoneal Diaphragmatic Hernia (True Diaphragmatic Hernia) 476

Diaphragmatic Eventration 478

Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic Hernia (Pericardioperitoneal Diaphragmatic Hernia) 478

Section VI The Heart 481

49 Heart and Circulatory Variations and Radiographic Disease Indicators 481

Variations 481

Cardiovascular Radiographic Disease Indicators 486

50 Cardiac Silhouette Analysis 493

Cardiac Measurements (Cardiac Radiometrics) 494

51 Angiography and Angiocardiography 496

Risks Associated With Cardiac Catheterization 496

Methods of Catheterization: Which Is Best? 497

52 Cardiac Ultrasound (Echocardiography) 499

Normal Appearances and Measurements 499

Overall Approach 499

Evaluating the Placement of Intravascular Embolization Coils 500

Understanding and Interpreting the Doppler Tracing 500

M-Mode Echocardiography 501

Athletic Hypertrophy 501

Congenital Muscular Dystrophy 501

53 Congenital Heart Disease 504

Anomalous Vessels 504

Defects and Shunts 504

Arterial Malformations 513

54 Acquired Heart Disease 517

Benefits of Presurgical Thoracic Screening 517

Endocardiosis of the Mitral and Tricuspid Valves (Atrioventricular Insufficiency, Atrioventricular Regurgitation, Chronic Valve Disease) 517

Dilated Cardiomyopathy 518

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 524

Myocarditis 525

Endocarditis 528

Pericardial Disease 533

Heartworm Disease 533

Third-Degree Heart Block 537

Atrial Standstill 538

Inherited Ventricular Tachycardia in German Shepherds 538

Ischemic Heart Disease (Arteriosclerosis) 538

Central and Peripheral Arterial Thrombosis 538

Aortic Sinus Rupture (Ruptured Sinus of Valsalva) 540

Cor Pulmonale 540

55 The Patterns of Heart Failure 543

56 Cardiac Tumors and Thrombi 545

Arterial and Auricular Tumors 545

Atrial Thrombus 545

Ventricular Tumors and Thrombus 545

Pericardial Tumors 547

57 Cardiac Trauma 549

Traumatic Pneumoperitoneum 549

Myocardial Contusion 549

Traumatic Pericardial Hemorrhage 549

Pericardial Rupture and Adhesions 549

Pericardial Adhesions Obstructing Caudal Vena Cava 550

58 Pulmonary-Induced Heart Disease (Cor Pulmonale) 551

Conceptualizing Cor Pulmonale 551

59 Radiographic Evaluation of Cardiac

Pacemakers 552

Section VII The Abdomen 555

60 Abdominal Radiographic Disease Indicators 555

Peritoneal Fluid (Intraperitoneal Fluid, Peritoneal Effusion, Abdominal Fluid, Ascites) 555

Peritoneal Air (Pneumoperitoneum) 556

Intravisceral Gas 557

Retroperitoneal Fluid 558

Increased Organ Size 558

Decreased Organ Size 559

Abdominal Calcification 559

Abdominal Masses 560

Abnormal Bowel Distribution Pattern 560

Visible Abdominal Lymph Nodes 560

Additional Considerations in the Diagnosis of Abdominal Disease 566

Computed Tomographic Appearance of the Normal Canine Abdomen 566

Magnetic Resonance Appearance of the Normal Canine Abdomen 566

Relative Signal Strengths Emitted by the Abdominal Organs of Healthy Cats 566

Physical Reversal of the Abdominal Viscera 567

61 Abdominal Wall Injury, Infection, and Tumor 568

Bruising and Hematoma 568

Postoperative Evaluation 568

Traumatic Disruption (Abdominal Hernia) 568

Penetrating Wound 568

Draining Abdominal Sinuses 569

Muscle Avulsion 569

Abscess 570

Extraabdominal Tumor 570

62 Peritonitis 572

Chemical Peritonitis 572

Bacterial Peritonitis 572

Feline Infectious Peritonitis 572

Steatitis 572

63 Using Vascular Maps to Navigate the Abdomen 574

64 Liver Disease 575

Radiology of the Liver 575

Hepatic Ultrasound 576

"Imaging" Liver Function 576

Liver Disease: A Realistic Approach 577

Gallbladder Disease 585

Portosystemic Shunts (Portal Vein Anomalies. Portacaval Shunts, Abnormal Portosystemic Communications, Liver Shunts) 587

65 Stomach Disorders 594

Plain Films 594

Barium Examination 594

Normal Gastric Emptying Time 595

Normal Sonographic Appearance of the Stomach 597

Gastric Enlargement 597

Foreign Objects and Materials 598

Hairballs and Other Low-Density Materials in the Stomach 598

Nonopaque Foreign Body 598

Second Foreign Body 599

Gastritis 599

Unusual Gastric Disorders 599

66 Small Intestinal Disease 614

Normal Plain Film Variations 614

Normal Barium Film Variations 615

Normal lodine Films 615

Bowel Distribution Pattern 616

Normal Sonographic Appearance of the Intestine 617

Potential Sonographic Indicators of Small Intestinal Disease 617

Duodenal Ulcer 617

Duodenal Thickening, Deformity, and Decreased Motion Secondary to Pancreatitis 617

Inflammatory Bowel Disease 618

Infiltrative Bowel Disease 618

Enteritis 618

Intestinal Foreign Body 619

Small Intestinal Tumors 630

Specific Tumor Types 632

Intestinal Torsion (Volvulus) 635

Intraabdominal Intestinal Entrapment (Incarceration) 636

Abdominal Hernias: Extraabdominal Intestinal Displacement 637

Intestinal Impaction and Perforation 637

Intestinal Parasitism 637

Intestinal Malabsorption 637

Protein-Losing Enteropathy 637

"Short-Bowel Syndrome," 638

Congenital Intestinal Malformation 638

Intestinal Trauma 639

Bowel Abscess 641

Intestinal Adhesions 641

67 Cecum, Colon, and Rectum 643

Normal Appearance 643

Barium Colonography (Barium Enema) 643

Colonic Transit Time Using Synthetic Markers (Barium-Impregnated Polyethylene Spheres) 643

Air Colonography (Diagnostic Pneumocolon) 643

Double-Contrast Colonography 644

Colonic Marking 644

Potential Harm Resulting from Colonography 644

Cecocolic Intussusception 644

Ileocolic Intussusception 645

Ulcerative Colitis 646

Nonulcerative Colitis 646

Colonic Impaction 646

Colonic Stenosis 646

Abnormal Colonic Distension (Megacolon) 646

Rectal Diverticular Disease 646

Colonic Cancer 646

Colonic and Rectal Performation 646

Colonic Torsion and Colonic Reversal 648

Pneumatosis Coli 648

Redundant Colon (Abnormally Long Colon) 648

68 Pancreatic Disease 650

Acute Pancreatitis 650

Chronic Pancreatitis 651

Pancreatic Phlegmon 651

Pancreatic Pseudocyst 652

Pancreatic Abscess 652

Peripancreatic Masses 652

Other Forms of Pancreatitis 653

Pancreatic Tumors 653

Insulinomas 653

Pancreatic Carcinomas 653

69 Splenic Disease 655

Variations in Splenic Visibility and Estimated Size 655

Splenic Congestion 655

Prevalence of Splenic Disease in Dogs and Cats 655

Nodular Hyperplasia, Hyperplastic Nodule, Regenerative Nodule 655

Extramedullary Hematopoiesis and Splenic Myelolipomas 656

Canine Abdominal Malignant Histiocytosis 656

Splenitis and Splenic Abscess 657

Splenic Tumors 657

Lymphosarcoma 658

Splenic Torsion 659

Splenic Necrosis Secondary to Splenic Infarction 671

Traumatic Hematoma 671

Splenomegaly Secondary to Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia or Thrombocytopenia 672

70 Kidney, Ureteral, Bladder, Prostatic, and Urethral Disease 663

Kidney Disease (Renal Disease) 663

Ureteral Disease: Obstruction and Ectopia 671

Ureteral Injury 677

Ureteral Diverticula (Ureteral Diverticulosis) 677

Bladder Disease 677

Subcategories of Cystitis 680

Prostate Disease (Prostatic Disease) 688

Specific Prostatic Diseases 689

Urethral Disease 692

Specific Urethral Diseases 694

71 Adrenal Gland Disorders 699

72 Normal and Abnormal Pregnancy 702

Ovarian Changes Related to Ovulation 702

Normal Pregnancy 702

Incomplete Fetal Resorption and Premature Placental Separation 704

Late-Term Fetal Death 705

Ectopic Pregnancy 705

Predicting Mechanical Dystocia 705

The Postwhelping (Postpartum) Uterus 706

73 Uterine Disease 708

Radiographic Appearance of Uterine Enlargement 708

Possible Causes of Uterine Enlargement 708

Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia: Precursor to Infection 708

Pyometra 708

Stump Granuloma 710

Retained Surgical Sponge 710

Uterine Rupture 711

Contrast Evaluation of the Uterine Interior 711

Intrauterine Masses 712

Cystic Uterine Remnant 712

74 Ovarian Disorders 713

Normal Ovary 713

Ovarian Tumors 713

Ovarian Cysts 714

75 Urethral and Vaginal Disease 715

Congenital Deformities 715

Effect of Spay or Castration on Urethral Diameter in Cats 715

76 Scrotal, Testicular, and Penile Disease 716

Testicular Disease 716

Penile Disease 718

77 Fluoroscopic, Ultrasonic, and Computed Tomography

Guided Biopsy, and Fine-Needle Aspiration 719

Ultrasound-Guided, Free-Hand Biopsy 719

Computed Tomography

Guided Biopsy 719

False Abdominal Lesions 720

Biopsy Needle Enhancement 720

Techniques 720

Practice 720

Body Regions 721

Choosing a Biopsy Device 721

Potential Injuries 721

Biopsy of Specific Organs 721.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

0323012051

OCLC:

50920667