Neuronal substrates of sleep and epilepsy / Mircea Steriade.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Steriade, Mircea.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Sleep--Physiological aspects.

Sleep.

Convulsions.

Neurons.

Neural circuitry.

Sleep--physiology.

Epilepsy--physiopathology.

Medical Subjects:

Sleep--physiology.

Epilepsy--physiopathology.

Neurons.

Physical Description:

xii, 522 pages, 10 unnumbered pages of plates : illustrations (some color) ; 26 cm

Place of Publication:

Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Summary:

Neuronal circuits between the neocortex, the thalamus, the hippocampus and related systems underlie the different states of vigilance and various paroxysmal disorders that occur during slow-wave sleep. The author challenges the conventional idea that slow-wave sleep is a quiescent state with negligible activity of cortical neurons and brings evidence, based on intracellular recordings in vivo and more recently in naturally sleeping animals, demonstrating that neocortical neurons are quite active during this sleep state. The activity of neocortical neurons during sleep contributes to plasticity, which may lead to consolidation of memory traces acquired during the waking state. The author focuses on the coalescence of different sleep rhythms in interacting corticothalamic networks and on three types of paroxysmal disorders; namely, spike-wave seizures as in absence epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut seizures, and temporal lobe epilepsy. Profusely illustrated with figures from in vivo, in vitro and 'in computo' studies, the majority coming from the author's own laboratory, Neuronal Substrates of Sleep and Epilepsy is essential reading for neuroscientists and clinical researchers.

Contents:

1 Pioneering steps in studies on sleep and epilepsy 1

1.1 Brain, neurons and sleep across centuries 1

1.2 Evolution of concepts and methods used in studies on epileptic seizures 7

2 Neuronal types and circuits in sleep and epilepsy 13

2.1 Neocortical neuronal types 14

2.1.1 Four major types of neocortical neurons and their subclasses 14

2.1.2 Different incidences of neuronal types under various experimental conditions 25

2.1.3 Transformations of firing patterns during shifts in behavioral states 28

2.1.4 Neuron-glia networks 33

2.2 Neuronal types in archicortex and related systems 35

2.2.1 Hippocampus 35

2.2.2 Entorhinal cortex 40

2.2.3 Amygdala 42

2.3 Thalamic neurons 46

2.3.1 Thalamocortical neurons 47

2.3.2 Local inhibitory interneurons 51

2.3.3 Thalamic reticular neurons 51

2.4 Intrathalamic, intracortical, and corticothalamic neuronal circuits 58

2.4.1 Relations between thalamic relay and thalamic inhibitory neurons 58

2.4.2 Intracortical neuronal networks 62

2.4.3 Corticothalamic loops 67

2.5 Control of thalamocortical systems by generalized modulatory systems 73

2.5.1 Cholinergic and glutamatergic systems 75

2.5.2 Monoaminergic systems 81

3 Neuronal properties, network operations and behavioral signs during sleep states and wakefulness 89

3.1 Falling asleep 89

3.1.1 Humoral factors 90

3.1.2 Neuronal mechanisms 93

3.1.2.1 Sensory and brain stimulation leading to sleep 94

3.1.2.2 Serotonin and sleep 95

3.1.2.3 Sleep-active neurons in and around the preoptic area 99

3.2 Brain oscillations during slow-wave sleep 105

3.2.1 Spindles, a thalamic rhythm under neocortical influence 106

3.2.1.1 Thalamic reticular nucleus, pacemaker of spindles 108

3.2.1.2 Neocortex governs spindle synchronization 112

3.2.1.3 Permissive factors for development of spindles at sleep onset 121

3.2.1.4 Disconnecting effects of spindles on incoming signals 123

3.2.2 Delta: intrinsically generated thalamic rhythm and cortical waves 128

3.2.2.1 Thalamic delta rhythm: cortical synchronization and brainstem suppression 128

3.2.2.2 Cortical delta waves 134

3.2.3 The cortical slow oscillation 135

3.2.3.1 Depolarizing and hyperpolarizing phases in neurons and glia cells 136

3.2.3.2 The slow oscillation groups spindles, delta, fast, and ultra-fast rhythms 153

3.2.3.3 Synchronization of slow oscillation and effects on distant structures 163

3.2.3.4 Slow oscillation and other sleep rhythms in humans 171

3.2.4 Significance of sleep oscillations: why do we sleep? 176

3.2.4.1 Views from studies on metabolic parameters and scalp EEG 177

3.2.4.2 Views from studies on neuronal activities 179

3.3 Brain-active states: waking and rapid-eye-movement sleep 184

3.3.1 Phasic events 187

3.3.1.1 Ocular saccades and related intracellular events in cortical neurons 187

3.3.1.2 Ponto-geniculo-occipital waves 191

3.3.2 Fast rhythms (20-60 Hz) 198

4 Plastic changes in thalamocortical systems developing from low-frequency sleep oscillations 209

4.1 Excitation and inhibition of thalamic and cortical neurons during states of vigilance 210

4.1.1 Thalamus 211

4.1.2 Neocortex 216

4.2 Mechanisms of augmenting potentials in thalamocortical systems 223

4.2.1 Intrathalamic augmenting responses 228

4.2.1.1 High- and low-threshold augmentation in thalamocortical cells 228

4.2.1.2 Decremental and incremental responses in GABAergic reticular cells 236

4.2.1.3 Alterations of thalamic augmenting responses during brain activation 241

4.2.2 Thalamocortical augmenting responses 241

4.2.2.1 Dual intracellular recordings from thalamic and cortical neurons 243

4.2.2.2 Role played by different types of cortical neurons in augmenting responses 249

4.2.2.3 State-dependent alterations in augmenting responses 251

4.2.3 Intracortical augmenting responses 253

4.2.3.1 Intact cortex 253

4.2.3.2 Isolated cortical slabs in vivo 253

4.3 Plasticity of synaptic responses resulting from low-frequency oscillations 259

4.3.1 Generalities 259

4.3.2 Thalamus 266

4.3.3 Neocortex and corticothalamic neuronal loops 267

5 Neuronal mechanisms of seizures 285

5.1 Patterns of different epileptic seizures in humans and animals 287

5.2 Sleep and epilepsy: normal oscillations during non-REM sleep developing into seizures 294

5.2.1 From low-frequency (7-15 Hz) sleep rhythms or augmenting responses to seizures 294

5.2.2 From very fast (80-200 Hz) rhythms during the slow sleep oscillation to seizures 301

5.3 Electrically and sensory-induced afterdischarge 302

5.4 Cellular basis of EEG interictal "spikes" 314

5.5 Seizures with spike-wave complexes at [similar]3 Hz 322

5.5.1 Generalized and focal spike-wave seizures 326

5.5.2 Dependency of spike-wave seizures on behavioral state of vigilance 333

5.5.3 Origin(s) and cellular mechanisms of spike-wave seizures 336

5.5.3.1 Evidence for a cortical role in initiation of spike-wave seizures 337

5.5.3.2 Thalamic reticular and thalamocortical neurons in spike-wave seizures 348

5.6 Patterns of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome 371

5.6.1 Bicuculline-induced cortical seizures 372

5.6.2 Spontaneous seizures developing from the slow sleep oscillation 372

5.6.2.1 Asynchrony of fast runs recorded from different cortical foci 375

5.6.2.2. I[subscript H] and LTSs are implicated in the initiation of cortical paroxysmal cycles 377

5.6.2.3 Similar field-cellular relations in sleep and seizure patterns 380

5.6.2.4 Role of ripples and fast-rhythmic-bursting cells in promoting seizures 384

5.6.2.5 Hyperpolarizing seizures associated with a decrease in input resistance 393

5.6.2.6 Excitability of cortical neurons during Lennox-Gastaut-type seizures 396

5.6.3 Thalamic neurons during cortically generated seizures 401

5.7 Grand-mal, tonico-clonic seizures 404

5.8 Temporal lobe epilepsy 408

5.8.1 Hippocampus and entorhinal cortex 409

5.8.2 Amygdala 411

5.8.3 The disinhibition hypothesis in the generation of limbic seizures 413

5.9 Seizures after injury and deafferentation of neocortex 414

5.10 Dialogue between neurons and glial cells in neocortical seizures 416

5.11 Effects of epileptic seizures on sleep states 416.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages [425]-517) and index.

ISBN:

0521817072

OCLC:

49936205

Online:

Publisher description