Reemergence of established pathogens in the 21st century / edited by I. W. Fong and Karl Drlica.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Fong, I. W. (Ignatius W.)

Drlica, Karl.

Series:

Emerging infectious diseases of the 21st century

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Drug resistance in microorganisms.

Communicable diseases--Epidemiology.

Communicable diseases.

Communicable Diseases, Emerging--etiology.

Communicable Diseases, Emerging--drug therapy.

Medical Subjects:

Communicable Diseases, Emerging--etiology.

Communicable Diseases, Emerging--drug therapy.

Physical Description:

xvi, 367 pages : illustrations, maps ; 26 cm.

Place of Publication:

New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, [2003]

Summary:

The Emerging Infectious Diseases of the 21st Century series aims to address the challenging new infections and surrounding issues facing physicians and mankind in the new century. Old or established pathogens, such as Mycobacteria tuberculosis and malaria, are now reemerging and spreading across the globe in a more treatment-resistant form. These and other aggressive and difficult pathogens are addressed in the initial volumes of the series. The first volume, Infections and the Cardiovascular System: New Perspectives, written by leading researchers in this area, is a review of the exciting new concepts of the relationship between microbes and the cardiovascular system. Upcoming volumes in the series will address newly recognized pathogens such as Nipah virus, a new variant of Cruetzfeld-Jacob disease (mad cow or bovine encephalopathy), the emergence of old-world pathogens in the Westerns World, such as West-Nile virus, and many others including SARS.

Contents:

Section I The Changing Spectrum of Bacterial Infections

Chapter 1 Severe Invasive Group A Streptococcal Infections / Anna Norrby-Teglund, Allison McGeer, Malak Kotb, Donald E. Low

2. Microbiology 4

3. Pathogenesis 4

4. Clinical Entities and Epidemiology 9

4.1. STSS 9

4.2. Necrotizing Fasciitis 10

4.3. Soft-Tissue Infections 12

4.4. Pneumonia 12

5. Treatment Modalities 14

5.1. Antimicrobials 14

5.2. Novel Therapeutic Strategies 15

6. Prevention 19

7. Future Directions 21

Chapter 2 Bartonella Infections Resurgence in the New Century / Gilbert Greub, Didier Raoult

2. Microbiology 35

2.1. Description of the Genus 35

2.2. Phylogeny 36

2.3. Diagnostic Methods 38

2.3.1. Histology 41

2.3.2. Culture 41

2.3.3. Molecular Tools 45

2.3.4. Serology 46

3. Bartonella-Related Infections in Humans 46

3.1. Trench Fever 46

3.2. Carrion's Disease 48

3.3. Bacillary Angiomatosis 50

3.4. Bacillary Peliosis 52

3.5. Cat-Scratch Disease 53

3.6. Chronic Bacteremia 55

3.7. Endocarditis 56

3.7.1. Historical Background 56

3.7.2. Epidemiology 57

3.7.3. Clinical Presentation 57

3.7.4. Management 57

4. Pathogenesis and Natural History of Bartonella Infections in Mammals 58

Section II Resistant Bacteria and Resurgence

Chapter 3 Antibiotic-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: Implications for Management in the 21st Century / Cynthia G. Whitney, Nina E. Glass

2. Microbiology and Definitions of Resistance 72

2.2. Susceptibility Testing Methods 73

3. Mechanisms of Resistance 75

4. Epidemiology and Distribution of Resistant Strains 77

4.1. Geographic Variation in the Prevalence of Resistant Strains 78

4.2. Resistant Pneumococcal Clones 81

5. Clinical Relevance of Resistance 82

6. Diagnosis and Treatment in the Era of Resistance 84

7. Preventing Resistant Pneumococcal Infections 86

7.1. Reducing Inappropriate Antibiotic Use 86

7.2. Pneumococcal Vaccines 86

8. The Future of Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae 88

Chapter 4 MRSA in the 21st Century: Emerging Challenges / Ignatius W. Fong, Maria Kolia

2. Microbiology and Mechanism of Resistance 100

2.1. Genome 100

2.2. Other Staphylococcal Components and Products 102

2.3. Mechanism of Resistance to Methicillin 102

2.4. Culture and Sensitivity Testing 104

2.5. Typing 106

2.6. Antibiotics against MRSA: Mechanisms of Action and Mechanisms of Resistance 107

2.6.1. Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin (MLS) Group 107

2.6.2. Chloramphenicol 108

2.6.3. Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin, Netilmicin, Amikacin, etc.) 109

2.6.4. Tetracyclines 109

2.6.5. Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) 109

2.6.6. Rifampin 109

2.6.7. Fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Norfloxacin, etc.) 109

2.6.8. Fusidic Acid 110

2.6.9. Mupirocin 110

2.6.10. Glycopeptides (Vancomycin, Teicoplanin) 110

2.6.11. Oxazolidinones (Linezolid) 110

3. Epidemiology 111

3.1. Tools of Epidemiology 111

3.2. MRSA in the Hospital 112

3.3. MRSA in the Community 115

4. Clinical Entities 116

4.1. Colonization 116

4.1.1. Colonization and Transmission 116

4.1.2. Colonization and Infection 118

4.2. Invasive Disease 118

4.2.1. Skin and Soft Tissue Infections 118

4.2.2. Bone and Joint Infections 119

4.2.3. Lung Infections 119

4.2.4. Bloodstream Infections 120

4.2.5. Toxin-Induced Syndromes (Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome, Toxic Shock Syndrome, and Enteritis) 121

4.3. Are MRSA More Virulent? 121

5. Prevention and Treatment of MRSA Infections 122

5.1. Prevention 122

5.1.1. The Benefits of Preventing MRSA Spread 122

5.1.2. Control Measures 122

5.1.3. MRSA Containment in Special Settings 129

5.2. Treatment 130

5.2.1. Vancomycin 130

5.2.2. Teicoplanin 131

5.2.3. Linezolid 132

5.2.4. Quinupristin

Dalfopristin 133

5.2.5. Other Non-[beta]-Lactam Antimicrobials 134

6. Vancomycin Intermediate-Resistance S. aureus 135

7. Vancomycin Resistant S. aureus 136

8. Future Directions 137

Chapter 5 Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci / Esteban C. Nannini, Barbara E. Murray

2. Mechanisms of Resistance to Vancomycin 157

2.1. VanA 158

2.2. VanB 160

2.3. VanC 161

2.4. VanD 161

2.5. VanE 162

2.6. VanF 162

2.7. VanG 163

2.8. Vancomycin-Dependent Enterococci 163

2.9. Origin of Vancomycin Resistance Genes 163

3. Epidemiology 164

3.1. The Scenario in Europe 165

3.2. The Scenario in United States 166

3.3. Risk Factors 167

3.4. Mortality Associated with VRE 171

3.5. VRE and Clostridium difficile 173

3.6. Transmission 174

3.7. The Role of Long-Term Care Facilities (LTCFs) 176

3.8. Prevention and Control Measures 176

3.8.1. Appropriate Use of Vancomycin and Other Antibiotics 177

3.8.2. Implementation of Infection Control Measures 178

3.9. Treatment of VRE-Colonized Patients 180

4. Treatment of VRE Infections 180

4.1.1. Enterococcal Species 181

4.1.2. Type of Glycopeptide Resistance 181

4.1.3. Necessity of Bactericidal Therapy 181

4.2. Therapeutic Options 182

4.2.1. Lower UTIs 182

4.2.2. Diverse Agents and Combinations in Vitro and in Animal Models 183

4.2.3. Approved Agents for VRE Infections 183

4.2.4. Other Options and Anecdotal Reports 186

4.3. Agents in Development 186

Chapter 6 Multi-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Hospital Practice / Maria I. Morosini, Rafael Canton, Jose L. Martinez

2. Molecular Basis of Antibiotic Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae 206

2.1. Horizontal Gene Transfer 206

2.2. Mechanisms of Resistance 208

2.2.1. Quinolone Resistance 208

2.2.2. Extended Spectrum [beta]-Lactamases (ESBLs) 209

2.3. Multidrug Efflux Pumps 214

3. Epidemiology and Extension of the Problem 215

3.1. Extended-Spectrum [beta]-Lactamase Producing Isolates 216

3.1.1. AmpC Hyperproducing Enterobacter 217

3.1.2. Carbapenem Resistance 218

3.2. Quinolone Resistance and Multi-Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae 218

4. Intensive Care Units as the Epicenter of the Problem 221

5. Future Directions 222

5.1. Prevention 222

5.2. Management 223

5.2.1. Antibiotic Policies 224

6. New Agents on the Horizon 231

Chapter 7 Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis / Philip Spradling, Renee Ridzon

1.1. History 245

1.3. Public Health Importance 247

2. Epidemiology 248

2.1. Domestic 248

2.2. International 250

3. Production and Perpetuation of MDRTB 256

3.1. Mechanisms of Resistance 256

3.2. Clinical Errors 256

3.3. Host Factors 257

3.4. Transmission and Outbreaks 258

3.5. Programmatic and Institutional Factors 259

3.6. Substandard Antituberculosis Drugs 261

4. Diagnosis 261

4.1. Risk Factors for MDRTB 261

4.2. Drug Susceptibility Tests 262

4.3. New Methodologies for Rapid Detection of Drug Resistance 263

5. Treatment 264

5.2. Second-Line Antituberculosis Drugs, Toxicity, and Cross-Resistance 265

5.3. Surgical Intervention 270

5.4. Novel Therapies 271

5.5. Treatment Outcomes 272

6. HIV Infection and MDRTB 272

6.1. Impact of HIV on the Epidemiology of MDRTB 272

6.2. Impact on Diagnosis and Treatment 275

6.3. Impact on Treatment Outcomes 277

7. Prevention 277

7.1. Provider-Based 277

7.2. Institutional and Program-Based 278

7.3. Treatment of Persons Exposed to MDRTB 279

7.4. BCG and Vaccines 280

Chapter 8 Controlling Antibiotic Resistance: Strategies Based on the Mutant Selection Window / Karl Drlica, Xilin Zhao

2. The Resistance Problem 296

3. Mutant Selection Window 301

4. Development of Resistance 305

5. Restricting Resistance: Monodrug Therapy 307

5.1. Drug Concentrations Above MPC 307

5.2. Dual Targetting and Closing the Mutant Selection Window 308

5.3. Numerical Considerations 309

5.4. Standard Pharmacodynamic Approach 310

6. Restricting Resistance: Combination Therapy 311

7. Importance of Lethal Action 314

8. Cross-Resistance 315

9. Surveillance of Resistance 317

10. Reversing Resistance and Antibiotic Cycling 318

Resistant Parasitic Infections

Chapter 9 Drug-Resistant Malaria / Mona R. Loutfy, Kevin C. Kain

2. Drug-Resistant Falciparum Malaria 336

2.1. Epidemiology and Worldwide Distribution 336

2.2. Mechanisms of Action and Resistance 338

2.2.1. Chloroquine 338

2.2.2. Antifolates 340

2.2.3. Mefloquine 341

2.2.4. Atovaquone/proguanil 342

2.3. Management 343

2.3.1. Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine 343

2.3.2. Mefloquine 343

2.3.3. Halofantrine 343

2.3.4. Atovaquone plus Proguanil 344

2.3.5. Artemisinin Derivatives 344

3. Drug-Resistant Vivax Malaria 345

3.1. Epidemiology 345

3.2. Mechanism of Resistance 346

3.3. Management 346

4. Malaria Prevention 347

4.1. Malarial Control 347

4.2. Chemoprophylaxis 348

4.2.1. Areas with Chloroquine-Sensitive P. falciparum Malaria 349

4.2.2. Areas with Chloroquine-Resistant P. falciparum Malaria 349

5. Future Direction 350

5.1. New Agents 350

5.1.1. Lumefantrine plus Artemether 350

5.2.2. Tafenaquine 351.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

0306475006

OCLC:

51009354