Electroceramics : materials, properties, applications / A.J. Moulson and J.M. Herbert.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Moulson, A. J.

Contributor:

Herbert, J. M.

Class of 1924 Book Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Electronic ceramics.

Physical Description:

xiv, 557 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

Chichester, England ; Hoboken, NJ : J. Wiley, [2003]

Summary:

"Electroceramics, Materials, Properties, Applications, Second Edition provides a comprehensive treatment of the many aspects of ceramics and their electrical applications. The fundamentals of how electroceramics function are carefully introduced with their properties and applications also considered. Starting from elementary principles, the physical, chemical and mathematical background of the subject are discussed and wherever appropriate, a strong emphasis is placed on the relationship between microstructire and properties. The Second Edition has been fully revised and updated, building on the foundation of the earlier book to provide a concise text for all those working in the growing field of electroceramics. fully revised and updated to include the latest technological changes and developments in the fieldincludes end of chapter problems and an extensive bibliographyan Invaluable text for all Materials Science students.a useful reference for physicists, chemists and engineers involved in the area of electroceramics.

Contents:

2 Elementary Solid State Science 5

2.1 Atoms 5

2.2 The arrangement of ions in ceramics 10

2.3 Spontaneous polarization 17

2.4 Phase transitions 19

2.5 Defects in crystals 20

2.5.1 Non-stoichiometry 20

2.5.2 Point defects 21

2.6 Electrical conduction 24

2.6.1 Charge transport parameters 24

2.6.2 Electronic conduction 26

2.6.3 Ionic conduction 43

2.6.5 Schottky barriers to conduction 48

2.7 Charge displacement processes 52

2.7.1 Dielectrics in static electric fields 52

2.7.2 Dielectrics in alternating electric fields 60

2.7.3 Barium titanate

the prototype ferroelectric ceramic 71

2.7.4 Mixtures of dielectrics 72

2.7.5 Impedance spectroscopy 85

3 Processing of Ceramics 95

3.2 Cost 96

3.3 Raw materials 96

3.4 Powder preparation

mixing and grinding 97

3.4.1 The 'mixed oxide' or solid state route 100

3.4.2 The oxalate route 100

3.4.3 The alkoxide route 101

3.4.4 Hydrothermal synthesis 101

3.5 Calcination 101

3.6 Shaping 103

3.6.1 Dry-pressing 104

3.6.2 Isostatic-pressing 106

3.6.3 'Jolleying' 107

3.6.4 Extrusion 107

3.6.5 Colloidal processing: slip-casting 108

3.6.6 Tape-casting 109

3.6.7 Calendering and viscous polymer processing 110

3.6.8 Injection-moulding 111

3.6.9 Films and layers 111

3.7 High-temperature processing 114

3.7.1 Densification 114

3.7.2 Hot-pressing 115

3.7.3 Isostatic hot-pressing 116

3.7.4 Glass-ceramics 117

3.8 Finishing 118

3.9 Porous materials 119

3.10 Processing and electroceramics research and development 120

3.11 The growth of single crystals 121

4 Ceramic Conductors 135

4.1 High-temperature heating elements and electrodes 135

4.1.1 Silicon carbide 136

4.1.2 Molybdenum disilicide 141

4.1.3 Lanthanum chromite 141

4.1.4 Tin oxide 142

4.1.5 Zirconia 144

4.2 Ohmic resistors 145

4.2.1 Thin films 146

4.2.2 Thick films 147

4.3 Voltage-dependent resistors (varistors) 150

4.3.1 Electrical characteristics and applications 150

4.3.2 Silicon carbide 156

4.3.3 Zinc oxide 156

4.4 Temperature-sensitive resistors 159

4.4.1 Negative temperature coefficient resistors (NTC thermistors) 160

4.4.2 Positive temperature coefficient resistors (PTC thermistors) 167

4.5 Fuel cells and batteries 173

4.5.1 The stimulus for developing fuel cells and batteries 173

4.5.2 Basics of fuel cells and batteries 176

4.5.3 Electroceramics for fuel cells and batteries 184

4.6 Ceramics-based chemical sensors 198

4.6.1 Sensors based on solid electrolytes 199

4.6.2 Gas-sensors based on electronically conducting ceramics 207

4.6.3 Humidity sensors 214

4.7 High transition temperature superconductors 217

4.7.2 The phenomenon of superconductivity 218

4.7.3 Ceramic high-T[subscript c] superconductors (HTSs) 222

4.7.4 The properties, processing and applications of HTSs 225

4.7.5 Superconducting electronics

thin films 233

4.7.6 The future for HTSs 235

5 Dielectrics and Insulators 243

Part I Capacitative Applications 244

5.2 Dielectric strength 245

5.2.1 Test conditions 246

5.2.2 Breakdown mechanisms 246

5.3 Thermal shock resistance 250

5.4 Capacitors 251

5.4.1 Capacitor characteristics 251

5.4.2 Non-ceramic capacitors 256

5.4.3 Ceramic capacitors 260

Part II Principal Ceramic Types and Applications 269

5.5 Low-permittivity ceramic dielectrics and insulators 269

5.5.1 Electrical porcelains 269

5.5.2 Alumina 276

5.5.3 Beryllia 285

5.5.4 Aluminium nitride 286

5.5.5 Ceramic 'packaging' technology 286

5.6 Medium-permittivity ceramics 289

5.6.1 Rutile ceramic 290

5.6.2 Degradation in titanium-containing oxides 293

5.6.3 High-power capacitors 295

5.6.4 Low-TCC low-loss capacitors 297

5.6.5 Microwave ceramics 300

5.7 High-permittivity ceramics 310

5.7.1 Modified barium titanate dielectrics 311

5.7.2 Relaxor ferroelectrics 320

5.7.3 Multilayer capacitors with base metal electrodes (BME) 323

5.7.4 Barrier layer caps (Class IV) 326

5.7.5 Ferroelectric memories 329

6 Piezoelectric Ceramics 339

6.2 Parameters for piezoelectric ceramics and their measurement 344

6.3 General characteristics and fabrication of PZT 354

6.3.1 Effects of domains 354

6.3.2 Effects of alivoalent substituents 358

6.3.3 Fabrication of PZT 361

6.4 Important commercial piezoceramics 362

6.4.1 Barium titanate 362

6.4.2 Lead zirconate-lead titanate ('PZT') 364

6.4.3 Lead-based relaxor piezoelectric and electrostrictive ceramics 366

6.4.4 Lead niobate 369

6.4.5 Lithium niobate and lithium tantalate 371

6.4.6 Piezoceramic-polymer composites 373

6.4.7 Summary of properties 379

6.5 Applications 381

6.5.1 Generation of voltages 382

6.5.2 Generation of displacement

'actuators' 386

6.5.3 High frequency applications 396

6.5.4 Piezoceramic-polymer composites 402

Appendix Piezoelectric relations for ceramics poled in the 3 direction 404

7 Pyroelectric Materials 411

7.2 Infrared detection 413

7.3 Effects of circuit noise 417

7.3.1 Johnson noise 418

7.3.2 Thermal fluctuations 418

7.5 Measurement of the pyroelectric coefficient 422

7.6 Applications 423

7.6.1 Radiometry 424

7.6.2 Pollutant control 425

7.6.3 Intruder alarm 425

7.6.4 Thermal imaging 426

8 Electro-optic Ceramics 433

8.1 Background optics 433

8.1.1 Polarized light 434

8.1.2 Double refraction 437

8.1.3 The electro-optic effect 440

8.1.4 Non-linear optics 445

8.1.5 Transparent ceramics 448

8.2 Lanthanum-substituted lead zirconate titanate 449

8.2.1 Structure and fabrication 449

8.2.2 Measurement of electro-optic properties 451

8.2.3 Electro-optic characteristics 454

8.3 Applications 459

8.3.1 Flash goggles 459

8.3.2 Colour filter 460

8.3.3 Display 460

8.3.4 Image storage 461

8.3.5 PLZT films 463

8.4 Optical non-linearity in glass and glass-ceramics 464

9 Magnetic Ceramics 469

9.1.1 Origins of magnetism in materials 470

9.1.2 Magnetization in matter from the macroscopic viewpoint 472

9.1.3 Shape anisotrophy: demagnetisation 473

9.1.4 Magnetic materials in alternating fields 475

9.1.5 Classification of magnetic materials 477

9.1.6 The paramagnetic effect and spontaneous magnetization 479

9.1.7 Magnetocrystalline anisotropy 481

9.1.8 Magnetostriction 482

9.1.9 Weiss domains 482

9.1.10 Magnetization in a multidomain crystal 484

9.2 Model ferrites 486

9.2.1 Spinel ferrites: model NiOFe[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] 486

9.2.2 Hexaferrites: model BaFe[subscript 12]O[subscript 19] 489

9.2.3 Garnets: model Y[subscript 3]Fe[subscript 5]O[subscript 12] (YIG) 490

9.3 Properties influencing magnetic behaviour 492

9.3.1 Soft ferrites 492

9.3.2 Hard ferrites 505

9.3.3 Summary of properties 511

9.3.4 Microwave ferrites 511

9.4 Preparation of ferrites 517

9.4.1 Raw materials 518

9.4.2 Mixing, calcining and milling 518

9.4.3 Sintering 519

9.4.4 Single-crystal ferrites 520

9.4.5 Magnets with oriented microstructures 520

9.4.6 Finishing 521

9.5 Applications 523

9.5.1 Inductors and transformers for small-signal applications 523

9.5.2 Transformers for power applications 529

9.5.3 Antennas 530

9.5.4 Information storage and optical signal processing 532

9.5.5 Microwave devices 535

9.5.6 Permanent magnets 541.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Class of 1924 Book Fund.

ISBN:

0471497479

0471497487

OCLC:

51967294