Introduction to biophotonics / Paras N. Prasad.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Prasad, Paras N.

Contributor:

Alumni and Friends Memorial Book Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Photobiology.

Photonics.

Biosensors.

Nanotechnology.

Physical Description:

xvii, 593 pages, 8 unnumbered pages of plates : illustrations (some color) ; 24 cm

Place of Publication:

Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Interscience, [2003]

Summary:

Paras Prasad's text provides a basic knowledge of a broad range of topics so that individuals in all disciplines can rapidly acquire the minimal necessary background for research and development in biophotonics. Introduction to Biophotonics serves as both a textbook for education and training as well as a reference book that aids research and development of those areas integrating light, photonics, and biological systems. Each chapter contains a topic introduction, a review of key data, and description of future directions for technical innovation. Introduction to Biophotonics covers the basic principles of Optics Optical spectroscopy Microscopy

Each section also includes illustrated examples and review questions to test and advance the reader's knowledge. Sections on biosensors and chemosensors, important tools for combating biological and chemical terrorism, will be of particular interest to professionals in toxicology and other environmental disciplines. Introduction to Biophotonics proves a valuable reference for graduate students and researchers in engineering, chemistry, and the life sciences.

Contents:

1.1 Biophotonics

A New Frontier 1

1.2 An Invitation to Multidisciplinary Education, Training, and Research 2

1.3 Opportunities for Both Basic Research and Biotechnology Development 4

2. Fundamentals of Light and Matter 11

2.1 Nature of Light 12

2.1.1 Dual Character of Light 12

2.1.2 Propagation of Light as Waves 14

2.1.3 Coherence of Light 17

2.1.4 Light as Photon Particles 19

2.1.5 Optical Activity and Birefringence 20

2.1.6 Different Light Sources 21

2.2 Quantized States of Matter 21

2.2.2 Quantized States of Atoms 24

2.2.3 Quantized States of Molecules: Partitioning of Molecular Energies 27

2.2.4 Electronic States of a Molecule 29

2.2.5 Bonding in Organic Molecules 35

2.2.6 Conjugated Organic Molecules 37

2.2.7 Vibrational States of a Molecule 39

2.3 Intermolecular Effects 41

2.4 Three-Dimensional Structures and Stereoisomers 43

3. Basics of Biology 50

3.2 Cellular Structure 52

3.3 Various Types of Cells 58

3.4 Chemical Building Blocks 60

3.5 Interactions Determining Three-Dimensional Structures of Biopolymers 68

3.6 Other Important Cellular Components 72

3.7 Cellular Processes 73

3.8 Protein Classification and Function 82

3.9 Organization of Cells into Tissues 85

3.10 Types of Tissues and Their Functions 87

3.11 Tumors and Cancers 88

4. Fundamentals of Light-Matter Interactions 92

4.1 Interactions Between Light and a Molecule 93

4.1.1 Nature of Interactions 93

4.1.2 Einstein's Model of Absorption and Emission 95

4.2 Interaction of Light with a Bulk Matter 97

4.3 Fate of Excited State 99

4.4 Various Types of Spectroscopy 102

4.5 Electronic Absorption Spectroscopy 105

4.6 Electronic Luminescence Spectroscopy 109

4.7 Vibrational Spectroscopy 113

4.8 Spectroscopy Utilizing Optical Activity of Chiral Media 117

4.9 Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) 122

5. Principles of Lasers, Current Laser Technology, and Nonlinear Optics 129

5.1.1 Lasers: A New Light Source 130

5.1.2 Principles of Laser Action 131

5.1.3 Classification of Lasers 135

5.1.4 Some Important Lasers for Biophotonics 139

5.2 Current Laser Technologies 139

5.3 Quantitative Description of Light: Radiometry 142

5.4 Nonlinear Optical Processes with Intense Laser Beam 143

5.4.1 Mechanism of Nonlinear Optical Processes 143

5.4.2 Frequency Conversion by a Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Process 145

5.4.3 Symmetry Requirement for a Second-Order Process 146

5.4.4 Frequency Conversion by a Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Process 148

5.4.5 Multiphoton Absorption 149

5.5 Time-Resolved Studies 152

5.6 Laser Safety 154

6. Photobiology 159

6.1 Photobiology

At the Core of Biophotonics 160

6.2 Interaction of Light with Cells 160

6.2.1 Light Absorption in Cells 161

6.2.2 Light-Induced Cellular Processes 163

6.2.3 Photochemistry Induced by Exogenous Photosensitizers 167

6.3 Interaction of Light with Tissues 168

6.4 Photoprocesses in Biopolymers 175

6.4.1 The Human Eye and Vision 176

6.4.2 Photosynthesis 181

6.5 In Vivo Photoexcitation 186

6.5.1 Free-Space Propagation 186

6.5.2 Optical Fiber Delivery System 187

6.5.3 Articulated Arm Delivery 189

6.5.4 Hollow Tube Waveguides 190

6.6 In Vivo Spectroscopy 190

6.7 Optical Biopsy 191

6.8 Single-Molecule Detection 195

7. Bioimaging: Principles and Techniques 203

7.1 Bioimaging: An Important Biomedical Tool 205

7.2 An Overview of Optical Imaging 206

7.3 Transmission Microscopy 209

7.3.1 Simple Microscope 209

7.3.2 Compound Microscope 210

7.3.3 Kohler Illumination 212

7.3.4 Numerical Aperture and Resolution 214

7.3.5 Optical Aberrations and Different Types of Objectives 215

7.3.6 Phase Contrast Microscopy 216

7.3.7 Dark-Field Microscopy 216

7.3.8 Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy (DIC) 217

7.4 Fluorescence Microscopy 219

7.5 Scanning Microscopy 220

7.6 Inverted and Upright Microscopes 221

7.7 Confocal Microscopy 221

7.8 Multiphoton Microscopy 223

7.9 Optical Coherence Tomography 225

7.10 Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy 228

7.11 Near-Field Optical Microscopy 232

7.12 Spectral and Time-Resolved Imaging 234

7.12.1 Spectral Imaging 235

7.12.2 Bandpass Filters 235

7.12.3 Excitation Wavelength Selection 236

7.12.4 Acousto-Optic Tunable Filters 236

7.12.5 Localized Spectroscopy 237

7.13 Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) Imaging 237

7.14 Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) 238

7.15 Nonlinear Optical Imaging 240

7.15.1 Second-Harmonic Microscopy 241

7.15.2 Third-Harmonic Microscopy 243

7.15.3 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) Microscopy 243

7.16 Future Directions of Optical Bioimaging 245

7.16.1 Multifunctional Imaging 245

7.16.2 4Pi Imaging 245

7.16.3 Combination Microscopes 246

7.16.4 Miniaturized Microscopes 246

7.17 Some Commercial Sources of Imaging Instruments 246

8. Bioimaging: Applications 255

8.1 Fluorophores as Bioimaging Probes 256

8.1.1 Endogenous Fluorophores 256

8.1.2 Exogenous Fluorophores 257

8.1.3 Organometallic Complex Fluorophores 264

8.1.4 Near-IR and IR Fluorophore 265

8.1.5 Two-Photon Fluorophores 265

8.1.6 Inorganic Nanoparticles 269

8.2 Green Fluorescent Protein 269

8.3 Imaging of Organelles 271

8.4 Imaging of Microbes 273

8.4.1 Confocal Microscopy 273

8.4.2 Near-Field Imaging 274

8.5 Cellular Imaging 276

8.5.1 Probing Cellular Ionic Environment 276

8.5.2 Intracellular pH Measurements 277

8.5.3 Optical Tracking of Drug-Cell Interactions 279

8.5.4 Imaging of Nucleic Acids 281

8.5.5 Cellular Interactions Probed by FRET/FLIM Imaging 287

8.6 Tissue Imaging 289

8.7 In Vivo Imaging 294

8.8 Future Directions 301

8.9 Commercially Available Optical Imaging Accessories 303

9. Optical Biosensors 311

9.2 Principles of Optical Biosensing 314

9.2.1 Biorecognition 314

9.2.2 Optical Transduction 316

9.2.3 Fluorescence Sensing 317

9.2.4 Fluorescence Energy Transfer Sensors 317

9.2.5 Molecular Beacons 320

9.2.6 Optical Geometries of Biosensing 321

9.3 Support for and Immobilization of Biorecognition Elements 323

9.4 Fiber-Optic Biosensors 327

9.5 Planar Waveguide Biosensors 331

9.6 Evanescent Wave Biosensors 334

9.7 Interferometric Biosensors 338

9.8 Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors 339

9.9 Some Recent Novel Sensing Methods 343

9.10 Future Directions 347

9.11 Commercially Available Biosensors 349

10. Microarray Technology for Genomics and Proteomics 357

10.1 Microarrays, Tools for Rapid Multiplex Analysis 358

10.2 DNA Microarray Technology 363

10.2.1 Spotted Arrays 363

10.2.2 Oligonucleotide Arrays 366

10.2.3 Other Microarray Technologies 367

10.3 Protein Microarray Technology 368

10.4 Cell Microarray Technology 375

10.5 Tissue Microarray Technology 379

10.6 Some Examples of Application of Microarrays 379

10.7 Future Directions 382

10.8 Companies Producing Microarrays 383

11. Flow Cytometry 390

11.1 A Clinical, Biodetection, and Research Tool 391

11.2 Basics of Flow Cytometry 394

11.2.2 The Components of a Flow Cytometer 395

11.2.3 Optical Response 403

11.3 Fluorochromes for Flow Cytometry 405

11.4 Data Manipulation and Presentation 408

11.5.1 Immunophenotyping 415

11.5.2 DNA Analysis 418

11.7 Commercial Flow Cytometry 426

12. Light-Activated Therapy: Photodynamic Therapy 433

12.1 Photodynamic Therapy: Basic Principles 434

12.2 Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy 437

12.2.1 Porphyrin Derivatives 438

12.2.2 Chlorins and Bacteriochlorins 440

12.2.3 Benzoporphyrin Derivatives 441

12.2.4 5-Aminolaevulinic Acid (ALA) 442

12.2.5 Texaphyrins 443

12.2.6 Phthalocyanines and

Naphthalocyanines 443

12.2.7 Cationic Photosensitizers 445

12.2.8 Dendritic Photosensitizers 445

12.3 Applications of Photodynamic Therapy 447

12.4 Mechanism of Photodynamic Action 450

12.5 Light Irradiation for Photodynamic Therapy 453

12.5.1 Light Source 453

12.5.2 Laser Dosimetry 454

12.5.3 Light Delivery 455

12.6 Two-Photon Photodynamic Therapy 455

12.7 Current Research and Future Directions 457

13.1 Tissue Engineering and Light Activation 465

13.2 Laser Tissue Contouring and Restructuring 467

13.3 Laser Tissue Welding 472

13.4 Laser Tissue Regeneration 475

13.5 Femtolaser Surgery 476

14. Laser Tweezers and Laser Scissors 482

14.1 New Biological Tools for Micromanipulation by Light 483

14.2 Principle of Laser Tweezer Action 487

14.3 Design of a Laser Tweezer 490

14.4 Optical Trapping Using Non-Gaussian Beams 495

14.5 Dynamic Holographic Optical Tweezers 496

14.6 Laser Scissors 499

14.6.1 Laser Pressure Catapulting (LPC) 500

14.6.2 Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM) 502

14.7 Selected Examples of Applications 502

14.7.1 Manipulation of Single DNA Molecules 502

14.7.2 Molecular Motors 506

14.7.3 Protein-Protein Interactions 507

14.7.4 Laser Microbeams for Genomics and Proteomics 509

14.7.5 Laser Manipulation in Plant Biology 510

14.7.6 Laser Micromanipulation for Reproduction Medicine 511

14.8.1 Technology of Laser Manipulation 513

14.8.2 Single Molecule Biofunctions 513

14.9 Commercially Available Laser Microtools 514

15. Nanotechnology for Biophotonics: Bionanophotonics 520

15.1 The Interface of Bioscience, Nanotechnology, and Photonics 521

15.2 Nanochemistry 523

15.3 Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Bioimaging 528

15.4 Metallic Nanoparticles and Nanorods for Biosensing 532

15.5 Up-Converting Nanophores 532

15.6 PEBBLE Nanosensors for In Vitro Bioanalysis 536

15.7 Nanoclinics for Optical Diagnostics and Targeted Therapy 537

16. Biomaterials for Photonics 545

16.1 Photonics and Biomaterials 545

16.2 Bioderived Materials 548

16.3 Bioinspired Materials 559

16.4 Biotemplates 560

16.5 Bacteria as Biosynthesizers for Photonic Polymers 564

16.6 Future Directions 567.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Alumni and Friends Memorial Book Fund.

ISBN:

0471287709

OCLC:

51518560