Water and sanitation in the world's cities : local action for global goals / United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT).

Format:

Book

Contributor:

United Nations Human Settlements Programme.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Municipal water supply--Developing countries.

Municipal water supply.

Sanitation--Developing countries.

Sanitation.

Developing countries.

Physical Description:

xxv, 274 pages : illustrations, map ; 31 cm

Place of Publication:

London ; Sterling, VA : Earthscan Publications, 2003.

Summary:

The world??'s governments agreed at the Millennium Summit to halve the number of people who lack access to safe water, mainly in the world??'s cities, by 2015. With rapidly growing urban populations the challenge is immense. This is a comprehensive and authoritative assessment of the problems and how they can be addressed. It sets out in detail the scale of inadequate provision of water and sanitation; it describes the impacts on health and economic performance, showing the potential gains of remedial action; it analyzes the proximate and underlying causes of poor provision and identifies information gaps affecting resource allocation; it outlines the consequences of further deterioration; and it explains how resources and institutional capacities -- public, private, and community -- can be used to deliver proper services through integrated water resource management.

Contents:

1 Provision for Water and Sanitation in Cities 1

Judging who has adequate provision 2

Setting standards 4

The lack of data 6

Provision for water and sanitation in each of the world's regions 8

The regions where provision needs the greatest improvements 12

Provision for water and sanitation in urban areas of Asia 12

Provision for water and sanitation in urban areas of Africa 21

Changes in provision for water and sanitation in urban areas of East Africa 24

Provision for water in Africa's larger cities 27

Provision for sanitation in Africa's larger cities 30

Provision for water and sanitation in urban areas of Latin America and the Caribbean 31

The special problems of smaller cities and towns in low-income countries 39

Provision for water and sanitation 39

Rural versus urban areas 48

2 The Impacts of Deficient Provision 57

The health impacts of inadequate provision for water and sanitation 57

Overall impacts 57

Reinforcing inequality, poverty and destitution 61

Water consumption 66

Monetary costs of water and sanitation 66

Time spent getting water 71

Time and money lost to water-borne and other water-related diseases 72

Impacts on infants and children 73

Health burden for children 74

Children's vulnerabilities 76

The impacts for mental and social development 77

What matters for children with regard to water and sanitation? 78

Quantity and accessibility versus quality 78

Storing water 78

Sanitation 79

Drainage and waste collection 80

The quality of care and hygienic practices 80

Vulnerability and susceptibility 82

Women 84

Renters 91

Restricting economic development 91

Improved provision for water and sanitation and poverty reduction 92

3 Explaining Deficiencies in Urban Water and Sanitation Provision 101

Proximate causes 104

Illegal status of many settlements 104

Community capacity to develop autonomous solutions 105

Household capacity to pay 106

Contributory causes 107

The weakness/incapacity of local utilities 107

Rapid population growth 108

The expansion of urban and city populations 108

Patterns of growth and change in the distribution of the world's urban population 110

What role for water within urban change? 112

War and civil conflict 113

Weak city and municipal government 113

The developmental role of local government 113

The weaknesses in local authorities 114

Underlying causes 117

The lack of international funding for investment in water and sanitation in urban areas 118

The 'lack of development' 120

The political under-pinning of good provision for water and sanitation 123

4 Increasing Water Stress and How it Relates to Urban Water and Sanitation Provision 129

Global trends and increasing water stress 129

Predicting a global crisis 130

Indicators of regional water stress 131

Local variation and boundary issues 132

Temporal variation and seasonal issues 132

Adaptability and comparability issues 132

Accessibility and economic capacity issues 132

Unaccounted-for water 132

Regional water stress and its consequences for urban water and sanitation provision and health 134

Comparing statistics on water stress and water access 136

Water stress, sanitation and health 137

Urban development and its contribution to water stress 139

Urban water demand 140

Water pollution 142

Structural transformations 144

Disasters and water and sanitation 146

Floods 146

Other kinds of disaster 148

Defining disasters 149

Causes of disasters 150

Understanding disaster risks in cities 150

The growing number of water-related disasters 151

Keeping track of urban disasters in Latin America and the Caribbean 152

5 Changing Perspectives and Roles in Urban Water and Sanitation Provision: Privatization and Beyond 158

Evolving international perspectives on water and sanitation 159

The increasing role of the private sector in water and sanitation utilities 162

Defining privatization, private sector participation and public-private partnership 162

Conceptual issues in the privatization debates: public goods, economic goods, natural monopolies and human rights 163

Public goods and the case for public provisioning 164

Economic goods and the case for private provisioning 165

Natural monopolies and the case for regulation 166

Human rights and the case for public accountability 167

Different forms of private sector participation in water and sanitation utilities 168

Service contract 169

Management contract 169

Affermage contract 169

Lease contract 169

Concession contract 169

BOT (build-own-transfer) contracts 170

Full privatization (divestiture) 170

Joint ventures, public water PLCs and cooperatives 170

Multi-utility contracts 170

What drives the public sector to involve private enterprises? 171

What drives the private sector to participate? 171

The bidding process and renegotiations for large contracts 172

Private participation and finance 173

Regulation of private water and sanitation enterprises 174

Privatization and measures for pro-poor provision 176

Trends in private sector participation in water and sanitation utilities 177

The role of small-scale providers 181

The role of CSOs 184

6 Improving Urban Water and Sanitation Provision as part of Integrated Water Resource Management 193

IWRM 194

Urban demand-side water management as part of IWRM 196

Managing demand to save water without compromising on water services 198

Raising awareness of water and sanitation through public campaigns 202

Target audiences for campaigns 202

Campaign launch and duration 204

Managing demand to improve public health 206

Managing demand to increase economic efficiency and affordability 209

Managing demand to empower deprived communities 214

Combining demand-side strategies and serving the urban poor 218

7 Governance for Good Water and Sanitation Provision: Getting the Best Out of Public, Private and Community Organizations 224

The role of city governments 224

From improved government performance to good governance 229

Towards more effective approaches 231

Governance for small urban centres 240

Better governance and mechanisms for extending provision to unserved or inadequately served households 241

Community upgrading 243

Supporting new homes with provision 245

Better governance and the performance of water and sanitation utilities 249

Better governance and integrated water resource management 250

Developing strong local information systems 251

International support for better local governance for water and sanitation 254

Water and sanitation and the Millennium Development Goals 258.

Notes:

Includes bibliographic references and index.

ISBN:

1844070042

1844070034

OCLC:

51630853