Scanning probe microscopes : applications in science and technology / K.S. Birdi.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Birdi, K. S., 1934-

Contributor:

Rosengarten Family Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Scanning probe microscopy.

Science.

Technology.

Physical Description:

314 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm

Place of Publication:

Boca Raton, Fla. : CRC Press, [2003]

Summary:

Scanning Probe Microscopes: Applications in Science and Technology explains, analyzes, and demonstrates the most widely used microscope in the family of microscopes -- the scanning probe microscope. Beginning with an introduction to the development of SPMs, the author introduces the basics of scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopes (STMs and AFMs) along with other types of SPMs. He describes the different apparatus, delineates the method of calibration, and provides extensive references and experimental procedures. Each subsequent chapter explores a different kind of real-life molecular species or system. Lipid-like molecules and the contribution of SPMs to our understanding of self-assembly monolayers receive particular attention, as do applications involving macromolecules, such as DNA, and those related to nanotechnology. The author brings to this project his recent, intensive involvement with state-of-the-art STM and AFM microscopes and provides both basic and advanced information in a single volume. While useful to seasoned researchers, Scanning Probe Microscopes will prove especially valuable to newcomers to the field, both as a textbook and as a guide to the expansive literature.

Contents:

1.2 History of Microscopy 5

1.2.1 Optical Microscopy 6

1.2.2 Electron Microscopy 7

Chapter 2 Scanning Probe Microscopes (SPMs) 9

2.1 Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) 9

2.1.1 STM Apparatus 9

2.1.2 Description of STM 11

2.2 Electron Tunneling 15

2.3 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) 16

2.3.1 Basic Principles of AFM 17

2.3.2 Imaging in AFM and Tip Effects 20

2.3.3 Analyses of Tip Effects 21

2.3.4 Effects Related to Thermal Drift 36

2.3.5 Effect of Mechanical Vibrations 36

2.4 Modes of Operation of AFM 37

2.5 Simultaneous AFM and Scanning Near-Field Fluorescence (SNOM and SNOM-AFM) 38

2.6 Friction Force Microscopy (FFM) 39

2.6.1 Forces in AFM 40

2.6.1.1 Van der Waals Forces 40

2.6.1.2 Electrostatic Force 40

2.6.1.3 Hydrophobic Forces 41

2.6.1.4 Double-Layer Force 41

2.7 STM and AFM Studies under Fluids 42

2.8 Sample Preparation Procedures for STM and AFM 44

2.8.1 Substrates 44

2.8.2 Diverse Substrates 45

2.8.3 Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) Films 45

2.8.4 Biopolymer Samples 46

2.8.5 STM and AFM Analyses of Electron Microscope Grids 47

2.9 Calibration and Image Analysis of STM and AFM 47

2.10 Comparative Studies of Diverse Molecules by STM and AFM 49

Chapter 3 Lipid-Like Molecules on Solids and SAMs 51

3.1 Collapsed Lipid Monolayers (Self-Assembly) 53

3.1.1 Mg-Stearate Films 54

3.1.2 Cholesterol and Other Oxidized Cholesterol Films 56

3.1.3 Mixed Lipid Monolayers 64

3.2 Domain Patterns in Monomolecular Film Assemblies 65

3.2.1 Macrodomains 66

3.2.2 Theoretical Analysis of Domains (Macrodomains) 67

3.2.2.1 Domains (Macro- and Nano-Size) Shape 69

3.3 Mixed Lipid Molecule Assemblies 71

3.4 Holes in LB Films of Self-Assembly Monolayers 73

3.5 Visualization of Vesicles by AFM 74

3.5.1 DPPC-Cholesterol (1:1 Molar) SUVs 76

3.6 LB Films of Liquid Crystals 80

3.7 STM and AFM Studies of Diverse Molecules on Solids 83

3.7.1 Studies of Diverse Small Molecules 83

3.7.2 Surfactant Molecules Studies by AFM 83

3.7.3 C60 Monolayers 84

3.7.4 Preparation of C60 Deposits for Electrochemical Studies 87

3.7.5 Voltammetry of Solid C60 Mechanically Attached to a Graphite Electrode 88

3.7.6 Benzene and Phenyl Radicals on Metal Surfaces 91

3.7.7 Other Diverse Systems 92

3.8 STM Studies on the Effect of Functional Group 92

Chapter 4 Biopolymers and Synthetic Polymers Structures by STM and AFM 95

4.1 DNA Structures by STM and AFM 95

4.2 SPM Studies of Three-Dimensional Protein Structures 98

4.2.1 Catalase 99

4.2.2 Other Protein Molecules 99

4.2.3 Pectin AFM Analyses 100

4.3 Protein Adsorption Studies by AFM 100

4.4 Biological Macromolecular Structures 101

4.4.1 Studies of Virus and Cell Structures by SPMs 102

4.5 Synthetic Polymers Studies by SPMs 102

4.5.1 Dextran Molecule 104

4.5.2 Single Macromolecule Adsorption Studies 105

4.5.3 Latex Particle Analyses by AFM 113

4.5.4 Other Diverse Polymers 113

4.5.5 Diverse Properties of Synthetic Polymers 115

4.5.5.1 Determination of Thickness of Spin-Cast Polymer Thin Films 115

4.5.5.2 AFM Tip-Scratch Method 118

4.5.6 Polymerization in Monolayers as LB Films 119

4.5.7 Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy 122

4.5.8 Mechanical Deformation Studies by AFM of Synthetic Polymers 126

4.5.8.1 The Detachment of a Polymer Chain from a Weakly Adsorbing Surface Using an AFM Tip 126

4.5.9 AFM Studies of Polymers by Force Modulation Methods 131

4.6 Mixed Monolayers of Macromolecules and Lipids 133

4.6.1 Hemoglobin Molecular Morphology by AFM 133

4.6.2 POE + SDS 135

4.6.3 Mixed SDS + Gelatin on HOPG 135

4.7 Diverse Macromolecular Properties as Studied by SPMs 136

4.7.1 Electron Transfer (ET) Studies by AFM 136

4.7.2 Other Diverse Macromolecules 144

4.7.2.1 Xanthan 144

4.7.2.2 Immunoglobulin G (IgG) 145

4.7.2.3 Gramicidin and Other Ionophores 146

4.7.2.4 Mixed Monolayers of Virus Cell or Fusion Peptide Cell 148

4.8 Monolayers of Synthetic Polyamino Acids 151

4.9 Biopolymer SAM Structures at Interfaces by STM and AFM 155

4.9.1 Determination of the Surface Potential of Crystals of Biopolymers by AFM 161

4.9.2 Molecular Recognition of Biomolecules by AFM 167

4.9.3 Applications of Transverse Dynamic Force Microscopy (TDFM) and AFM to Membranes Microscopy 168

Chapter 5 Crystal Structures by STM and AFM 179

5.1 Crystal Structures of Small Molecules 179

5.1.1 Morphology of Crystals of Different Amino Acids by AFM Studies 181

5.2 Surface Adsorption Studies by SPMs 183

5.2.1 Studies of Chiral Compounds by AFM 187

5.3 Macromolecule Crystals by STM and AFM 188

5.3.1 Crystallization and AFM Investigation of a Polymer Structure 189

Chapter 6 Studies of Solid Surfaces by SPMs 199

6.1 Wetting Properties of Solid Surfaces 199

6.2 AFM Analyses of Surface Acid-Base Properties 205

6.3 Measurement of Attractive and Repulsive Forces by Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) 207

Chapter 7 Diverse Applications of SPMs (STM and AFM, etc.) and Nanotechnology 213

7.1 STM and AFM in Organic Chemistry 215

7.1.1 Imaging Liquid Crystals by SPMs 219

7.1.2 Tunneling Mechanism through Organic Materials 220

7.1.2.1 Conducting Probe Atomic Force Microscopy (CP AFM) 220

7.2 Semiconductor Study by SPM 222

7.2.1 Composite Materials Investigations by SPMs 223

7.3 STM and AFM in Inorganic Chemistry 228

7.3.1 Corrosion Phenomena Studies by SPMs 228

7.3.2 Diverse Systems 229

7.3.3 Silica Particle Size and Shape Analyses 230

7.4 Nanolithography and Nanomachining 236

7.4.1 Atomic Switch (Nanoscale) by STM 238

7.4.2 Solid Surface Manipulation at Molecular Scale 238

7.5 Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses at Nanoscale 239

7.6 Application of SPMs under Dynamic Conditions 240

7.6.1 STM Studies of Adsorption of Gas on Solid Surfaces 240

7.7 Application of AFM to Immunodiagnostic Systems 240

7.8 Applications of STM and AFM in Industry 246

7.8.1 Domain Images by Scanning Force Microscopy (SFM) 250

7.8.2 Glassy Carbon (GC) Electrodes 252

7.8.3 Blister Formation 257

7.9 SPM Studies of Nanoscale Reactors 257

7.9.1 Self-Assembled Monolayer Structure 262

7.9.2 In Situ AFM Imaging of SAMs during Hydrolysis 265

7.10 Nanoscale Evaluation of Surface Roughness by SPMs 267

7.11 Application of STM and AFM in Pollution Control 268

7.12 Friction Force Microscope (FFM) 270

7.13 Time-Resolved Analyses by STM 277.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages 279-303) and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Rosengarten Family Fund.

ISBN:

0849309301

OCLC:

50899046