Molecular nanoelectronics / edited by Mark A. Reed and Takhee Lee.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Reed, Mark A.

Lee, Takhee

Rosengarten Family Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Molecular electronics.

Nanotechnology.

Physical Description:

xviii, 394 pages : illustrations ; 29 cm

Place of Publication:

Stevenson Ranch, CA : American Scientific Publishers, 2003.

Contents:

Chapter 1. Molecular Wire Conductance: Some Theoretical and Computational Aspects / Alessandro Troisi, Mark A. Ratner

2. Theories of Coherent Electron Transfer in Molecular Junctions 2

2.1. Landauer Approach 3

2.2. Conductance Using Molecular and Electrode States 4

2.3. Partitioning and Self-Energies 5

2.4. Other Approaches 7

3. Evaluation of the Conductance for Coherent Transport 7

3.2. Some Computational Examples 9

3.3. Potential Profile Treatments 11

3.4. Fermi Energy 12

3.5. Coulomb Repulsion 13

4. Incoherent Transport and Vibronic Coupling 14

5. Remarks, Observations, and Suggestions 15

Chapter 2. Unimolecular Electrical Rectifiers / Robert M. Metzger

2. How to Measure Monolayers? 21

2.1. Metal Contacts 21

2.2. Assembly: Physisorption versus Chemisorption 24

3. Marcus Electron Transfer Theory 24

4. Initial Work on Monolayer Rectifiers 25

4.1. The Organic Rectifier Project 25

4.2. Electrical Properties of Monolayers and Multilayers 26

5. Rectification by Monolayers and Molecules of C[subscript 16]H[subscript 33]Q-3CNQ (25) 27

5.1. Confirmation of Electrical Rectification by a Single Molecule 27

5.2. Molecular Properties of C[subscript 16]H[subscript 33]Q-3CNQ (25) 27

5.3. Film Properties of C[subscript 16]H[subscript 33]Q-3CNQ (25) 28

5.4. Metal-LB Film-Metal Sandwiches of C[subscript 16]H[subscript 33]Q-3CNQ (25) 29

5.5. Unimolecular Rectification by C[subscript 16]H[subscript 33]Q-3CNQ (25) 30

6. Search for New Rectifiers 32

6.1. Failed Rectification Efforts 32

6.2. Two New Rectifiers 33

6.3. Other Rectifier Results 34

7. Prospects for the Future 35

7.1. Challenges for the Near Future 35

7.2. Opinions 35

Chapter 3. Molecular Electronic Devices / J. Chen, T. Lee, J. Su, W. Wang, M. A. Reed, A. M. Rawlett, M. Kozaki, Y. Yao, R. C. Jagessar, S. M. Dirk, D. W. Price, J. M. Tour, D. S. Grubisha, D. W. Bennett

2.1. Self-Assembled Monolayers 40

2.2. Conjugated Oligomeric Systems 41

2.3. Basic Charge Transport Mechanisms 42

2.4. Initial Studies in Molecular Electronics 45

3. Synthesis of Molecular Wires and Devices 45

3.1. Synthesis of One-Terminal Oligo(phenylene ethynylene) Molecular Wires 46

3.2. Synthesis of Two-Terminal Oligo(phenylene ethynylene) Molecular Wires 46

3.3. Synthesis of Three-Terminal Molecular Scale Wires 47

3.4. Molecular Wires with Internal Methylene and Ethylene Transport Barriers 47

3.5. Synthesis of Molecular Scale Devices with Heteroatomic Functionalities 49

3.6. Porphyrin Containing Molecular Scale Wires 52

3.7. Synthesis of Dipole-Possessing Molecular Wire SAMs to Control Schottky Barriers in Organic Electronic Devices 53

3.8. Experimental 54

4. Fabrication of Molecular Transport Devices 81

5. Simple SAM Metal-Insulator-Metal Tunneling 83

6. Basic Transport Measurement in Molecular Layers 88

6.1. Conduction Mechanisms 89

6.2. Isocyanide SAM 90

6.3. Localized States in Metal-SAM-Metal Junctions 94

7. Device Applications of Molecular Layers 98

7.1. Conductor-Insulator Transition Caused by Molecular Conformation 98

7.2. Negative Differential Resistance in Molecular Junctions 98

7.3. Temperature Dependence 101

7.4. Molecular Memory Effects 104

7.5. Demonstration of a Molecular Memory Storage Cell 109

Chapter 4. Nanoscale Device Modeling / P. S. Damle, A. W. Ghosh, S. Datta

1.1. Inadequacy of Macroscopic Models 116

1.2. Equilibrium 116

1.3. Nonequilibrium 118

1.4. Density Matrix and the Current Operator 118

2. NEGF Formalism 120

2.1. Discrete One-Level Model 121

2.2. Broadening 122

2.3. Multilevel Generalization 123

2.4. Nonorthogonal Basis 124

3. Quantum Point Contact: Ab Initio Model 125

3.1. Hamiltonian 125

3.2. Self-Energy 125

3.3. Self-Consistent Potential 127

3.4. Results 128

4. Dual-Gate Nanotransistor: Effective Mass Model 129

4.1. Hamiltonian 129

4.2. Self-Energy 132

4.3. Self-Consistent Potential 133

4.4. Results 133

Chapter 5. Gated Molecular Devices Using Self-Assembled Monolayers / D. Abusch-Magder, Z. Bao, A. Erbe, H. Meng, N. Zhitenev

2.1. Signals Used to Control and Probe Molecules 137

2.2. Molecular Nanoelectronics: Schemes for Limiting Device Size 140

2.3. Studies of Self-Assembled Monolayers 141

3. Materials 142

3.1. Synthesis 143

3.2. Self-Assembly Conditions 145

4. Small Gated Metal-Molecule-Metal Junctions on a Tip 145

5. Gated Metal-Molecule-Metal Junctions in Planar Geometry 149

Chapter 6. Controlling and Measuring Molecular-Scale Properties for Molecular Nanoelectronics / Rachel K. Smith, Paul S. Weiss

1. Molecular Nanoelectronics: Design and Measurement 153

1.1. Introduction to Scanning Probe Microscopies 154

1.2. Positioning Molecules onto Surfaces through Self- and Direct-Assembly 157

2. Integrating Organic Molecules into Nanoelectronic Devices 160

2.1. Molecular Wires 164

2.2. Molecular Switches 166

3. Nanoparticles as Optoelectronic Architecture 168

Chapter 7. Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Devices, and Integrated Systems / Xiaolei Liu, Chenglung Lee, Song Han, Chao Li, Chongwu Zhou

2. Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 180

3. Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 182

3.1. Fabrication and Overview of Nanotube Devices 183

3.2. Electronic Properties of Metallic Carbon Nanotubes 183

3.3. Electronic Properties of Small-Gap Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes 185

3.4. Electronic Properties of Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes 188

3.5. Nanotube p-n Junctions 190

3.6. Carbon Nanotube Complementary Field-Effect Inverters 194

3.7. Logic Gates Using Carbon Nanotubes 196

Chapter 8. Nanowire Nanoelectronics Assembled from the Bottom-Up / Xiangfeng Duan, Yu Huang, Yi Cui, Charles M. Lieber

1.1. Top-Down Technology: The Limitations 200

1.2. Bottom-Up Technology: Requirements and Promise 200

1.3. Nanoscale Building Blocks 201

2. Rational Synthesis of Nanowires 202

2.1. Symmetry Breaking: A Key Concept for 1D Growth 202

2.2. Catalytic Growth: Concepts and Synthetic Design 202

2.3. Laser-Assisted Catalytic Growth 203

2.4. Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of Nanowires 205

2.5. Summary: Nanocluster Catalyzed NW Growth 206

2.6. Current and Future Directions 206

3. Nanowire Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices 207

3.1. Nanowire Field Effect Transistors 207

3.2. Crossed NW p-n Junctions 208

3.3. Bipolar Junction Transistors 209

3.4. Crossed Nanowire FETs 210

3.5. Light Emitting Diodes 211

3.6. Photodetectors 212

4. Hierarchical Assembly Nanowires 214

4.1. Electrical Field Directed Assembly 215

4.2. Fluid Flow Directed Assembly 215

4.3. Future Directions 217

5. Integrated Nanowire Devices 217

5.1. Integrated Cross Nanowire p-n Junctions and cNW-FETs 218

5.2. Nanowire Logic Circuits 218

6. Application of Nanoscale Devices in Chemical and Biological Sensing 222

6.1. Underlying Principle 222

6.2. Chemical Sensors: The Case of pH Sensors 222

6.3. Biological Sensors 223

6.4. Future Directions 225

Chapter 9. Nanoparticles: Building Blocks for Functional Nanostructures / Corey Radloff, Cristin E. Moran, Joseph B. Jackson, Naomi J. Halas

2. Building Blocks 230

2.1. Nonmetallic Nanoparticles 230

2.2. Semiconductor Nanocrystals 235

2.3. Metal Nanoparticles 241

3. Assembly and Deposition Methods 244

3.1. Nanoshells 244

3.2. Two- and Three-Dimensional Nanoparticle Assemblies 247

3.3. Single-Particle Trapping and Manipulation 256

4. Applications 258

4.1. Quantum Dot Corporation 258

4.2. Nanospectra L.L.P. 258

4.3. SurroMed Incorporated 259

Chapter 10. Molecular- and Nanocrystal-Based Photovoltaics / Laura A. Swafford, Sandra J.

Rosenthal

2. p-n Junction Silicon Solar Cells 264

3. Photosynthesis: Nature's Solar Cell 266

4. Molecular- and Nanomaterial-Based Photovoltaics 267

4.1. Schottky Photodiodes 267

4.2. Sandwich Heterojunction Photovoltaics 277

4.3. Bulk Heterojunction Photovoltaics 279

5. Future Photovoltaics 284

Appendix Photovoltaic Efficiencies 286

A.1. Lighting Conditions 286

A.2. Calculating Photovoltaic Efficiencies 287

Chapter 11. Organic Thin Film Transistors / Hagen Klauk, Thomas N. Jackson

2. Pushing the Limits 296

3. Device Architectures 297

4. Flexible Substrate Technology 297

5. Gate Dielectrics 299

6. Low-Cost Processes 300

6.1. Microcontact Printing 300

6.2. Photochemically Patterned Films 301

6.3. Inkjet Printing 301

7. Performance Enhancement Techniques 302

7.1. Regioregularity in Polymers 302

7.2. Silane Coupling Agent Treatment 302

7.3. Contact Treatment 303

7.4. Mixed Organic-Inorganic Active Layers 304

8. Organic TFT Integration 304

8.1. Integrated Organic TFT Circuits 304

8.2. Flat Panel Displays with Organic TFTs 305

9. Future Directions 307

Chapter 12. Organic and Polymeric Light Emitting Devices / Marie D'Iorio, Ye Tao

2. Small Molecule Light Emitting Devices 313

2.1. Materials 313

2.2. Heterostructure Design 314

2.3. Degradation Processes 315

3. Polymeric Light Emitting Devices 315

3.1. Device Structures and Fabrication 316

3.2. Electroluminescent Polymers 318

4. Phosphorescent Materials and Devices 319

5. Lasing in Organic and Polymeric Materials 320

6. Patterning Techniques 322

Chapter 13. Molecules, Gates, Circuits, and Computers / Seth Copen Goldstein, Mihai Budiu

2. The Switch 329

2.2. Boolean Logic Gates 331

2.3. Transistors 333

2.4. Manufacturing and Fabrication 334

2.5. Moore's Law 335

2.6. The Future 336

2.7. A New Regime 336

3. Processor Architecture 337

3.1. Computer Architecture 337

3.2. Instruction Set Architectures 338

3.3. Processor Evolution 339

3.4. Problems Faced by Computer Architecture 344

4. Reliability in Computer System Architecture 345

4.2. Reliability 346

4.3. Increasing Reliability 347

4.4. Formal Verification 349

4.5. Exposing Unreliability to Higher Layers 349

4.6. Reliability and Electronic-Nanotechnology Computer Systems 352

5. Reconfigurable Hardware 352

5.1. RH Circuits 353

5.2. Circuit Structures 354

5.3. Using RH 354

5.4. Designing RH Circuits 355

5.5. RH Advantages 356

5.6. RH Disadvantages 357

5.7. RH and Fault Tolerance 359

6. Molecular Circuit Elements 360

6.1. Devices 361

6.2. Wires 363

7. Fabrication 363

7.1. Techniques 364

7.2. Implications 364

7.3. Scale Matching 365

7.4. Hierarchical Assembly of a Nanocomputer 367

8. Circuits 368

8.1. Diode-Resistor Logic 368

8.2. RTD-Based Logic 369

8.3. Molecular Latches 369

8.4. Molecular Circuits 373

8.5. Molecular Transistor Circuits 373

9. Molecular Architectures 374

9.1. Nanofabrics 374

9.2. Random Approach 378

9.3. Quasi-Regular Approaches 379

9.4. Deterministic Approach 380

9.5. Architectural Constraints 380

10. Defect Tolerance 381

10.1. Methodology 382

10.2. Scaling with Fabric Size 383

11. Using Molecular Architectures 384

11.1. Split-Phase Abstract Machine 384.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Rosengarten Family Fund.

ISBN:

1588830063

OCLC:

52299733