Clinical interpretation of the WAIS-III and WMS-III / edited by David S. Tulsky ... [and others].

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Tulsky, David S.

Series:

Practical resources for the mental health professional

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.

Wechsler Memory Scale.

Physical Description:

xxxii, 618 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

Amsterdam ; Boston : Academic Press, [2003]

Summary:

This guide to the WAIS-III and WMS-III tests is written to help clinical practitioners achieve efficient and accurate interpretations of test results. The only interpretive guide to be based on data obtained while standardizing the tests, this reference source provides new models for interpreting results, as well as practical information on the diagnostic validity, demographically corrected norms, and accuracy of the tests in measuring intelligence and memory. The focus of information is to allow clinicians to reduce variance in the interpretations of scores, indicating how best to factor in socio-economic status of respondents, interpreting meaningful change in serial assessments, and scoring with alternate or omitted sub-tests. Also included in the book are chapters on accommodating clients with disabilities. The final chapter discusses frequently asked questions (with answers) on the use and interpretation of the tests, as well as practical issues to help make scoring time-efficient and accurate.

Contents:

Part 1 The Evolution of the Wechsler Scales

1 Historical Overview of Intelligence and Memory: Factors Influencing the Wechsler Scales / David S. Tulsky, Donald H. Saklofske, Joseph H. Ricker

The early 1800s 8

Galton and Cattell 10

Spearman's Two-Factor Theory and Thorndike's Multifactorial Theory 16

Binet and Simon: The Measurement of Intelligence in Children 17

Yerkes and intelligence tests in the Military 20

The Wechsler Scales of Intelligence 23

History of Memory Assessment 29

The Concept of Memory 30

Clinical Assessment of Memory 31

2 Revising a Standard: An Evaluation of the Origin and Development of the WAIS-III / David S. Tulsky, Donald H. Saklofske, Jianjun Zhu

Why a Revision Was Necessary 44

Changing Test Scores and Norms 45

Revised Test Structure 46

Goals for the WAIS-III Revision 46

Deciding What to Change 47

Changes and Reactions 49

Emphasis on the Factor Scores 51

Events Leading up to the WAIS-III 54

Wechsler's Unrealized Goal: Measurement of Nonintellective Factors 56

Description of Subtests 58

Vocabulary 58

Information 61

Similarities 62

Comprehension 62

Block Design 65

Picture Completion 67

Matrix Reasoning 68

Picture Arrangement 70

Object Assembly 72

Letter Number Sequencing 75

Digit Span 76

Arithmetic 81

Digit Symbol 82

Symbol Search 84

3 The Wechsler Memory Scale, Third Edition: A New Perspective / David S. Tulsky, Nancy D. Chiaravalloti, Barton W. Palmer, Gordon J. Chelune

Historical Factors Leading to the Development of the Wechsler Memory Scale 95

The Wechsler Memory Scale 97

The Publication of the WMS-R 101

Development of the WMS-III 104

Structure of WMS-III Index and Subtests Scores 108

The Auditory Immediate and Delayed Index Scores 108

Verbal Paired Associates 112

The Visual Immediate and Visual Delayed Indexes 114

Working Memory Index 122

The Auditory Recognition Delayed Index 126

General and Immediate Memory 130

Support for the WMS-III Structure 131

Part 2 Reducing Variance When Interpreting WAIS-III and WMS-III Scores: Introduction to Chapters 4-8

4 Assessment of Cognitive Functioning with the WAIS-III and WMS-III: Development of a Six-Factor Model / David S. Tulsky, Robert J. Ivnik, Larry R. Price, Charles Wilkins

Contemporary Models of Cognitive Functioning 149

Factor-Analytic Studies of the Wechsler Scales 150

Joint WAIS-III/WMS-III Factor-Analytic Studies 153

The Development of New Norms for a Six-Factor Model of Cognitive Functioning 155

Development of New Index Scores 161

Psychometric Properties 161

Reliability Coefficients 172

5 Demographic Effects and Use of Demographically Corrected Norms with the WAIS-III and WMS-III / Robert K. Heaton, Michael J. Taylor, Jennifer Manly

Demographic Influences and Normative Corrections 183

Sensitivity of Demographically Corrected WAIS/WMS Factor Scores to Neurocognitive Impairment 185

Subject Samples 186

Developing Demographically Corrected T-Scores 187

Age Effects 190

Education Effects 190

Sex Effects 196

Ethnicity Effects 198

Sensitivity of WAIS-WMS-Corrected Scores to Neuropsychiatric Disorders 198

6 WAIS-III WMS-III Discrepancy Analysis: Six-Factor Model Index Discrepancy Base Rates, Implications, and a Preliminary Consideration of Utility / Keith A. Hawkins, David S. Tulsky

Understanding Difference Scores: The Logic of Discrepancy Analysis 212

Clinical Meaning versus Statistical Significance 212

Psychometric Foundations 213

Descriptive versus Inferential Uses of Discrepancy Data 213

Discrepancy Data Provided in This Chapter 215

WAIS-III WMS-III Discrepancy Data Provided with the Tests 215

Generating Six-Factor Model Index Score Discrepancy Base-Rates 216

How Do These Base Rate Differ from Those Already Available? 217

Unidirectional (1-Tail) versus Bidirectional (2-Tail) Discrepancy Base Rates 218

Understanding Discrepancy Base Rates: Clinically Informative Trends 219

The Rarity of a Discrepancy Varies across Comparison Pairs 219

Discrepancies Vary in Size across Intellectual Levels 220

The Direction of Discrepancies Varies with Intelligence Level 225

Which Index Contrasts Are Most Likely to Be Clinically Useful? 229

Sensitivity to Brain Dysfunction per se 230

Conventional Contrasts: Within-WAIS-III 235

Conventional Contrasts: Within WMS-III 236

Working Memory versus Memory Indexes 236

Auditory versus Visual Index 237

WAIS-III-WMS-III Contrasts 237

Traditional IQ-Memory Comparisons 237

VCI as "Best Estimate" of Premorbid Status 238

Discrepancies between the POI and WMS-III Scores 238

Index-to-Index Discrepancies 239

Does Discrepancy Analysis Work? 240

Challenge 1 Brain Impairment 240

Challenge 2 Subtest Variability 247

Challenge 3 Reliability 249

Challenge 4 False Negatives for Co-occuring Intellectual-Memory Declines 249

Challenge 5 Sensitivity 250

Challenge 6 False Positives with High-IQ Subjects 252

Challenge 7 False Negatives with Low-IQ Subjects 252

Challenge 8 Demographics 254

7 Diagnostic Validity / Glenn E. Smith, Jane H. Cerhan, Robert J. Ivnik

Group versus Individual Statistics 274

Asking the Right Question 279

Diagnostic Validity Indices 280

Odds Ratios 280

Diagnostic Validity Indices and the WAIS-III and WMS-III 283

From Diagnostic Validity to Clinical Utility 285

Understanding Base Rates 287

Likelihood Ratios 290

Likelihood Ratios and WAIS-III and WMS-III Indices 293

Clinical Application 298

8 Use of the WAIS-III and WMS-III in the Context of Serial Assessments: Interpreting Reliable and Meaningful Change / Tara T. Lineweaver, Gordon J. Chelune

Serial Assessment and Evidence-Based Health Care 304

Case Examples 306

Factors Affecting Test-Retest Performances 307

Bias 308

Error 312

Methods for Assessing Reliable Change 314

Reliable Change Indices 315

Standardized Regression-Based Change Scores 317

Meaningful and Reliable Test-Retest Change on the WAIS-III and WMS-III 318

Application of the SRB Approach 323

Using Demographically Corrected Scores in the Context of Serial Assessments 326

Impact of Serial Assessments on Base Rates of Discrepancy Scores 327

Part 3 Dealing with "curveballs" when using the WAIS-III and WMS-III: The interpretation of an unstandardized administration

9 Assessment of the Non-Native English Speaker: Assimilating History and Research Findings to Guide Clinical Practice / Josette G. Harris, David S. Tulsky, Maria T. Schultheis

Ellis Island and the Assessment of the Immigrant 345

Assessment of Military Recruits During World War 1 362

Advances, Current Approaches and Opinions 365

The Relationship between Acculturation and Cognitive Functioning 369

The Relation between Acculturation and WAIS-III and WMS-III Scores 370

10 Accuracy of WAIS-III

WMS-III Joint Factor Scores When One or More Subtests Is Omitted or an Alternate Subtest Is Employed / Barton W. Palmer, Michael J. Taylor, Robert K. Heaton

Conversion of Scores to a Common Metric 397

Evaluation of Estimation Accuracy 397

Determining the Accuracy of Prorated Estimates of Full Scale IQ and General Memory Index 399

Determining the Accuracy of Subtest Substitution-Based Estimates of the Factor Scores 400

Impact of Subject Characteristics on The Accuracy of Estimates 400

Examining Sensitivity and Specificity 401

Results 402

Summary of Results by Factor Score 403

Predicting Full Scale IQ and General Memory Index from the Subtests within the WAIS-III and WMS-III Factor Scores 413

Verbal Comprehension 419

Perceptual Organization 419

Processing Speed 420

Working Memory 420

Auditory Memory factor 420

Visual Memory factor 421

Full Scale IQ and General Memory Index 422

11 Accommodating Clients with Disabilities on the WAIS-III and WMS / Jeffery P.

Braden

The Challenge of Clients with Disabilities 451

Decision-Making Framework for Accommodations 455

Construct-Irrelevant Variance 455

Construct Underrepresentation 456

Representing the Construct of Intelligence 457

Deleting Subtests When Estimating Intelligence 458

A Model for Accommodation Decision Making in Assessment 459

Legal Issues in Accommodations 459

How Should Accommodations Affect Test Scores? 461

Research on Accommodations 466

Deafness 466

Visual Disabilities 467

Motor Impairments 471

Learning Disabilities 472

Neuropsychological Assessment and Accommodations 476

Research on Clinicians with Disabilities 478

Practices to Promote 481

Practices to Avoid 482

Part 4 Training Others to Administer the WAIS-III and WMS-III: A Guide to Practical Issues

The WAIS-III and WMS-III: Practical Issues and Frequently Asked Questions / Laura H. Lacritz, C. M. Cullum

Why Use the WAIS-III and WMS-III If You Already Have the WAIS-R and WMS-R? 492

Administration 495

Teaching the Basics 495

Introduction of Tests and Establishing and Maintaining Rapport 496

Testing the Impaired Patient 498

Repeating Instructions/Items 499

When and How to Query 502

Testing the Limits 503

Practical Issues with WAIS-III Subtests 505

Vocabulary 505

Similarities 506

Arithmetic 507

Comprehension 508

Digit Span and Letter-Number Sequencing 509

Picture Completion 510

Digit-Symbol and Coding 511

Block Design 511

Matrix Reasoning 512

Picture Arrangement 513

Symbol Search 513

Object Assembly (optional) 514

Practical Issues with the WMS-III 514

Logical Memory I and II 514

Verbal Paired Associates I and II 516

Faces I and II 516

Family Pictures I and II 516

Spatial Span 517

Word List I and II (optional) 518

Visual Reproduction I and II (optional) 518

Information and Orientation (optional) 519

Mental Control (optional) 519

FAQ Regarding WAIS-III/WMS-III Administration 519

FAQ Regarding WAIS-III and WMS-III Scoring 521

FAQs Regarding WAIS-III and WMS-III Interpretation 522

Appendix 1 Pioneer's in the Assessment of Intelligence and Memory / David S. Tulsky, Nancy D. Chiaravalloti 533.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

0127035702

OCLC:

51001769