The venous drainage of the human myocardium / M. von Lüdinghausen.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Lüdinghausen, M. von (Michael), 1941-

Series:

Advances in anatomy, embryology, and cell biology ; v. 168.

Advances in anatomy, embryology, and cell biology ; v. 168

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Coronary circulation.

Coronary Circulation.

Medical Subjects:

Coronary Circulation.

Physical Description:

viii, 107 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

Berlin ; New York : Springer, [2003]

Summary:

The meticulously exposed up-to-date findings in this volume are of practical use for the cardiologist who is interested in new, morphologically-based diagnostics and an exact anatomical basis for modern non-invasive therapy; for the radiologist who aims to obtain precise anatomical data and accurate angiographic evaluations and diagnoses; and for the cardiac surgeon who strives to diminish surgical risks and increase the benefit of surgery to the patient. The review includes numerous novel findings that relate to the greater (major) and smaller (minor) cardiac venous system and narrow a gap in the incomplete knowledge of the venous drainage of the human myocardium. A number of the results may help to accomplish successfully the relatively new technique of coronary sinus catheterization and reperfusion of the cardiac veins.

Contents:

1.1 Goal of CS Catheterization 1

2 The Organization of the Cardiac Venous Systems 3

2.1 The Greater (Major) Cardiac Venous System 4

2.2 The Smaller (Minor) Cardiac Venous System 5

2.3 The Compound Form of Cardiac Venous Vessels: Intramural Sinuses and Tunnels 9

3.3 Commonly Used Unofficial or Alternative Terms and Synonyms for the Cardiac Veins 13

4 Microanatomy of the Coronary Sinus 15

4.1 Anatomy, Position, and Topography 15

4.2 Surface Anatomy 18

4.3 Length and Shape 18

4.4 Diameter, Area of Cross-Section, Circumference, and Volume 19

4.5 Elevation, Curvature, and Ostial Angle 21

4.6 The Ostial Valve 23

4.7 Enlargement of the CS, Aneurysm of the CS 27

4.8 Enlargement of the CS Associated with Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava 27

4.9 Enlargement of the CS Associated with Ostial Occlusion 27

4.10 Duplication of the CS (Sinus Coronarius 'Duplex') 29

4.11 Absence of the CS 29

5 The Myocardial Cover of the Coronary Sinus and Related Veins 31

5.1 The Myocardial Cover of the CS 31

5.1.1 Peculiarity 31

5.2 The Left (Distal) Boundary of the Myocardial Coat of the CS and the Myocardial Cuff of the Terminal GCV 33

5.2.1 The Myocardial Coat of the CS 33

5.2.2 The Myocardial Cuff of the Terminal GCV 33

5.3 The Right (Proximal) Boundary of the Myocardial Coat of the CS 35

5.4 Isolated Myocardial Belts in the Terminal Portions of Other Cardiac Veins 35

5.5 'Free' Myocardial Cords in the Left Posterior Coronary Sulcus 36

5.6 The Proximal Origin of the CS and Its Landmarks 36

5.6.1 The OV Is the Only Exact Peripheral Landmark for the Origin of the CS 37

5.6.2 Clinical Significance of Accessory Myocardial Cuffs, Belts, and Cords 38

6 The Anatomy of the Veins Draining the Myocardium of Both Ventricles 39

6.1 The Ventricular Cardiac Veins in General 39

6.1.1 The Apical Venous Network 39

6.1.2 Venous Valves 39

6.1.3 Left and Right Ventricular Veins 40

6.1.4 Left and Right Atrial Veins 40

6.2 Frequency and Distribution Pattern of the Tributaries of the CS 40

6.3 The Great Cardiac Vein and the Anterior Interventricular Vein 41

6.4 S-Shaped (Sigmoid) Course of the Great Cardiac Vein 45

6.5 Intramyocardial Course of, or Myocardial Bridge Over, the Subepicardial Veins 45

6.6 Aberrant Course of the Anterior Interventricular Part of the Great Cardiac Vein 46

6.7 The Ostial (Terminal) Valve of the Great Cardiac Vein 46

6.8 The Oblique Vein of the Left Atrium 49

6.9 The Posterior Interventricular Vein 50

6.9.1 Ostial Valves 52

6.10 The Septal Veins 54

6.10.1 Anterior and Posterior Territories of the Interventricular Septum 54

6.10.2 Left Superior Septal Vein 56

6.10.3 Anterior Septal Veins 56

6.10.4 Right Superior Septal Vein 56

6.10.5 Venous Valves (Astklappen) 56

6.10.6 Venous Drainage of the AV Junction 57

6.11 The Posterior Vein(s) of the Left Ventricle 57

6.12 The Small Cardiac Vein 58

6.13 The Left Marginal Vein 59

6.14 The Right Marginal Vein 60

6.15 The Anterior Cardiac Veins 60

6.16 The Venous Drainage of the Papillary Muscles 61

6.17 The Ostial Valves of Cardiac Veins 63

6.18 The Relationships Between Cardiac Veins and Coronary Arteries 63

6.19 The Veins of the Visceral Serosa 65

6.20 Venous Anastomoses 65

6.21 The Veins of the Vasa Vasorum of the Coronary Arteries, Aorta Ascendens and Pulmonary Trunk 66

7 The Anatomy of Veins Draining the Myocardium of Both Atria 67

7.1 The Veins of the Left Atrium 68

7.1.1 Posterolateral Veins of the LA 71

7.1.2 Posterosuperior Veins of the LA 71

7.1.3 Anteroseptal and Posteroseptal Veins of the LA 71

7.1.4 Ostial Valves of the Anteroseptal and Posteroseptal Veins of the LA 72

7.1.5 Intramural Sinuses of the Atrial Walls 72

7.1.6 Extracardiac Intercommunications 72

7.2 The Veins of the Right Atrium 73

7.2.1 Small Right Atrial Veins 73

7.2.2 Venous Drainage of the SA Node 78

7.2.3 Venous Drainage of the AV Node and Bundle Area 78

7.2.4 Venous Tunnel or Sinus of the Right Atrium 78

7.2.5 The Ostia of the VTRA 79

7.2.6 Topographical Relationship of the VTRA 79

7.2.7 Explanation for the Existence of the VTRA 80

8 The Significance of the Coronary Sinus and Cardiac Veins in Cardiology 83

8.1 The Anatomical Basis for Reperfusion of the CS and Selected Cardiac Veins and Imaging of the Coronary Venous Drainage System Using CT 83

8.1.1 Purpose of Reperfusion Technique 83

8.1.2 Basis of CS Catheterization 84

8.1.3 Failure and Limitation of CS Catheterization 84

8.1.4 Computed Tomography 85

8.1.5 Coronary Venography 85

8.1.6 The Significance of Ostial Valves 85

8.1.7 The Significance of the Smallest Cardiac Vessels 86

8.1.8 Concept of the Hydraulic System of the Intramural and Subendocardial Sinuses in the Cardiac Walls and in the Heart Chambers 86

8.2 Anatomical Peculiarities Supporting Venous Reperfusion via the CS 87

8.3 Anatomical Hindrances to Catheterization of the CS and of Cardiac Veins 87

8.3.1 The Ostial Valve of the IVC 88

8.3.2 Persistent Left SVC 89

8.3.3 Aneurysm of the RA, Aneurysm of the CS 89

8.3.4 Rigid Ostial Valves of the CS and GCV 90

8.3.5 Congenital Occlusion of the Atrial Ostium of the CS 91

8.3.6 Openings of the PIV and PVLV Near to the Atrial Ostium of the CS 91

8.3.7 The ACVs and the RMV Empty Directly into the RA 91

8.3.8 Opening of the PIV Directly into the RA 91

8.3.9 The Anterior Interventricular Artery Crosses over the GCV 91

8.3.10 Intramyocardial Course of the AIV 92

8.3.11 Uni- or Bicuspid Valves of the Anterior and Posterior Septal Veins 92

8.3.12 Ectopic Origin and Aberrant Course of the AIV 92

9 The Cardiac Venous System Seen Three-Dimensionally: An Arrangement of Veins Which Favors Reperfusion Efficacy 93

9.1 The Efficiency of Ostial Valves 93.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages 97-104) and index.

ISBN:

3540440178

OCLC:

50280130