Development and perspectives of landscape ecology / edited by Olaf Bastian and Uta Steinhardt ; foreword by Zev Naveh.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Bastian, Olaf.

Steinhardt, Uta.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Landscape ecology.

Physical Description:

xxvii, 498 pages : illustrations, maps ; 25 cm

Place of Publication:

Dordrecht ; Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers, [2002]

Summary:

The book gives a fundamental representation of landscape ecology, which proves to be a young, but an interesting and very important trans-disciplinary science for the solution of environmental problems. Both the theoretical basis and practical application of landscape ecology are considered. Great value is attached to describe approaches and experiences from Germany and Central Europe, and to discuss them in an international context. The book is addressed to landscape planners, managers, conservationists and architects, to biologists and geographers, to colleges, universities, authorities, and to the general public being interested in ecological issues. Among the themes are e. g. the roots and the position of landscape ecology, problems of scale and dimension, landscape analysis, diagnosis, potentials, evaluation, change, prognosis, tools like remote sensing and information systems, spatial planning and nature conservation.

Contents:

Chapter 1 Landscape and Landscape Ecology

1.2 Landscape ecology: From the roots to the present 10

1.2.2 The beginnings of ecological landscape research in Germany 12

1.2.3 The definition of nature areas in Germany 14

1.2.4 The Neef school of landscape ecology 15

1.2.5 Research development in West Germany 19

1.2.6 Landscape ecology today 24

1.3 Disciplinary and meta-disciplinary approaches in landscape ecology 25

1.3.2 The development of disciplinary and transcending approaches in landscape ecology 25

1.3.3 Characteristics of disciplinary and meta-disciplinary approaches 27

1.3.4 Disciplinary and meta-disciplinary landscape ecology 32

1.3.5 Positioning future landscape ecology 33

1.3.6 The need for a transdisciplinary systems approach to landscape ecology 34

1.3.7 Transdisciplinary landscape ecology: towards a "post-modern science" 37

1.4 Landscape ecology in different parts of the world 38

1.4.2 Contrasting approaches to landscape ecology 39

1.4.3 A developing research agenda: broadening the perspective 42

1.4.4 It's a hard world out there! 47

Chapter 2 Landscape Structures and Processes

2.1 Vertical landscape structure and functioning 49

2.1.1 Landscape spheres 49

2.1.2 Vertical landscape structure and the econ-concept 51

2.1.3 The landscape complexes 53

2.1.4 Landscape ecological processes 54

2.2 Landscape complexes 58

2.2.2 Topological dimension and the ecotope concept 60

2.2.3 Landscape complexes of the chorological dimension 64

2.2.4 Landscape complexes of higher geographical dimension 66

2.2.5 Landscape complexes of different dimensions 68

2.3 Landscape elements 69

2.3.2 Concrete and abstract landscape elements 70

2.3.3 Heterogeneity and homogeneity 70

2.3.4 Patch, matrix and mosaic 73

2.3.5 Pattern and scale 74

2.3.6 Connectivity, corridors, and fragmentation 75

2.4 Landscape ecological paradigms: correlation

hierarchy

polarity 78

2.4.2 Principle of correlation 79

2.4.3 Principle of areality 80

2.4.4 Principle of neighborhood (or principle of polarity) 81

2.4.5 Principle of hierarchy 82

2.5 Landscape boundaries, ecotones 84

2.5.1 There is always something between something 84

2.5.2 Ecotones in theory 86

2.5.3 Ecotones in reality 88

2.5.4 Delineation of ecotones 91

2.5.5 Ecotones and change 92

2.6 The catena principle 93

2.7 Water-bound material fluxes in landscapes 96

2.7.1 The importance of water-bound material fluxes in landscapes 96

2.7.2 Disturbance of water-bound material fluxes by human impact 96

2.7.3 Problem-solving approaches 97

2.8 Dispersal of organisms - biogeographical aspects 101

2.8.1 Reasons and modes for organisms' mobility 101

2.8.2 Fragmentation and isolation 102

2.8.3 The minimum area 106

2.8.4 Connectivity and biotope networks 109

2.8.5 Edge biotopes 111

Chapter 3 Landscape Analysis, Synthesis and Diagnosis

3.1 Approaches and methods of landscape diagnosis 113

3.1.2 The social requirements of landscape utilization 113

3.1.3 Principles of landscape diagnosis on the basis of ecological data 117

3.1.4 Aspects of landscape diagnosis and methodological approaches 120

3.2 Landscape analysis: investigation of geocomponents 122

3.2.1 Geological structure 123

3.2.2 Relief 124

3.2.3 Soil 129

3.2.4 Soil water/groundwater and surface water 135

3.2.5 Climate 141

3.2.6 Bios 144

3.3 The indicator principle 154

3.3.1 Definitions and demands 154

3.3.2 Bioindication 157

3.3.3 Diversity - always a criterion of landscape quality? 159

3.4 Landscape ecological complex analysis 160

3.4.1 Basic principles 160

3.4.2 Implementation 165

3.4.3 Results 167

Chapter 4 Landscape Change and Landscape Monitoring

4.1 Landscape change: history of the landscape 169

4.1.1 The sense of studying landscape change 169

4.1.2 Major stages of landscape development 169

4.1.3 General rules of landscape development 176

4.1.4 Current trends 177

4.1.5 Landscape change in different European regions 179

4.1.6 Investigation of landscape changes 180

4.2 Landscape monitoring 186

4.2.1 Definitions and a short survey 186

4.2.2 Remote sensing maps and other tools 188

4.2.3 Environmental monitoring in biosphere reserves 188

4.2.4 The "Ecological Area Sampling" (EAS) 191

4.3 Landscape prognosis: future landscapes 195

4.3.2 Panta Rhei 197

4.3.3 From local to global scale 199

4.3.5 Monitoring, experiments and models 201

Chapter 5 Landscape Assessment

5.1 Ecological carrying capacity and stability 205

5.1.1 Carrying capacity, ecological footprint, loads 205

5.1.2 Sensitivity, disturbances, and stability 208

5.1.3 Methodology 210

5.2 Landscape functions and natural potentials 213

5.2.1 Definitions and theoretical fundamentals 213

5.2.2 Possible assessment procedures 217

5.2.3 The assessment of heterogeneous spatial units 227

5.2.4 Changes in landscape functions 229

5.3 Landscape evaluation 230

5.3.1 The essence of evaluations 230

5.3.2 Assessment methods 232

5.3.3 Scaling 233

5.3.4 Demands on evaluation methods 235

5.4 Landscape assessment and multicriteria optimization 237

5.4.1 Initial questions and functional assessment 237

5.4.2 Scenarios for land use options 238

5.4.3 Multicriteria optimization 239

5.4.4 Optimization aims for conservation goals 240

5.4.5 Maximization and compromises 241

5.5 Landscape perception and aesthetics 244

5.5.1 Aesthetics and the perception of beauty 244

5.5.2 Perception of landscapes 245

5.5.3 Aesthetics in the planning process 247

Chapter 6 Landscape Investigation Methods/Tools

6.1 Landscape ecological mapping 257

6.1.2 Development of landscape ecological mapping approaches 258

6.1.3 Examples of topological mapping approaches 261

6.1.4 Examples of chorological mapping approaches 267

6.1.5 Perspectives of landscape ecological mapping approaches 271

6.2 Landscape information systems 272

6.2.2 What are Geographic Information Systems? 272

6.2.3 Application of landscape information systems 277

6.3 Remote sensing and digital image processing 282

6.3.1 Development of remote sensing 282

6.3.2 Information from remote sensing data 283

6.3.3 Remote sensing systems 284

6.3.4 Application of remote sensing data for landscape ecology 287

6.3.5 Digital spectral land use classification 290

6.4 Models in landscape ecology 295

6.4.2 Landscape ecology: Models for the investigation of complex topics 296

6.4.3 Modeling the water balance 296

6.4.4 Modeling waterbound material fluxes and water quality 299

6.4.5 Research sectors, models and scales 300

6.4.6 Landscape models 303

Chapter 7 Application of Landscape Ecology

7.1 Landscape ethics and sustainability 307

7.1.2 Ethical values, obligations and paradigms 308

7.1.3 Ethical aspects of different disciplinary perspectives 313

7.1.4 Landscape assessment and the concept of sustainability 321

7.1.5 Cultural debates: How to take responsible care of landscapes? 323

7.2 "Leitbilder" for landscape development 325

7.2.2 Classification of ecological targets 326

7.2.3 Specification in space and time-scale 327

7.2.4 The elaboration of landscape ecological goals - some examples 330

7.3 Landscape planning 337

7.3.1 Definition and tasks of landscape planning 337

7.3.2 Landscape planning and regional policy 338

7.3.3 Scientific essentials in landscape planning 340

7.3.4 Main steps of landscape planning 341

7.3.5 Problems of implementation 343

7.4 Environmental Impact Assessment 344

7.4.1 Aims, principles and history 344

7.4.2 Procedures of EIA 345

7.4.3 Management of interference in nature and landscape 348

7.5 Farming and the landscape: Structures of organic and conventional farms 352

7.5.1 Agriculture and the landscape 352

7.5.2 The appearance of organic

agriculture 353

7.5.3 Landscape ecology and organic agriculture 353

7.5.4 Organic agriculture in Denmark

a defined mode of production 355

7.5.5 Landscape structures: Production- and non-production areas 355

7.5.6 Production areas on organic and conventional farms 357

7.5.7 Non-production areas on organic and conventional farms 359

7.6 Tourism and the landscape: A mutual relationship 362

7.6.2 The landscape-tourism cycle 363

7.6.3 The development of tourism 363

7.6.4 Tourism in the postmodern era 364

7.6.5 The ecological critique of tourism 365

7.6.6 The development of second-home tourism in Denmark 367

7.6.7 The environmental impact of second-home tourism 368

7.6.8 The landscape's creation of second-home tourism 370

7.6.9 Romanticization as landscape concept in second-home tourism 371

7.6.10 Planning and managing tourism landscapes 372

7.7 Nature conservation 373

7.7.2 Nature conservation and scale 376

7.7.3 Preservation of biodiversity 380

7.7.4 SLOSS 381

7.7.5 Networks 383

7.7.6 Competing values 384

7.8 Historical landscapes and landscape elements 385

7.8.2 Relief and water bodies 387

7.8.3 Soil 390

7.8.4 Species, communities and ecosystems 391

7.8.5 Conservation of cultural landscapes and landscape elements 393

7.9 Sustainable developmentof cities and urban regions 397

7.9.2 Environmentally sustainable development 399

7.9.3 Space management 400

7.9.4 Resource management 401

7.9.5 Spatio-temporal management 402

7.9.6 New planning culture 403

7.10 Urban Ecology 405

7.10.2 New discipline of science: Urban ecology 406

7.10.3 Urban ecology as urban-landscape-applied landscape ecology 408

7.10.4 Land use as a methodical base of analysis of urban landscapes 409

7.10.5 Natural science approaches to the complex urban ecosystem 412

7.10.6 Problems, perspectives and planning-related application 414

7.11 Restoration Ecology 415

7.11.3 History and objects of restoration and restoration ecology 416

7.11.4 Scientific knowledge and concepts of restoration 419

7.11.5 Strategies and measures of restoration 420

7.11.6 Limits and potentials of restoration 423

7.11.7 Restoration in practice: Objective, acceptance, monitoring 423

7.11.8 Outlook 424

7.12 Participation of different actors in a landscape 424

7.12.3 Epistemological considerations 426

7.12.4 Encouraging experiences with participative approaches 427

7.12.5 Challenges, perspectives and limits of dialectic approaches 428

7.12.6 Successful examples for a participative planning approach 429.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages 433-476) and index.

ISBN:

1402009194

OCLC:

50447818