Ecotourism programme planning / D.A. Fennell.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Fennell, David A., 1963-

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Ecotourism.

Heritage tourism.

Physical Description:

xii, 275 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm

Place of Publication:

Wallingford ; New York : CABI Pub., [2002]

Contents:

1 Recreation and Tourism 1

Leisure, Recreation and Tourism 1

Disciplinary links 4

Tourism Products 8

Tourism Programmes? 9

2 Foundational Aspects of Ecotourism 11

Ecotourism 11

Exploring the boundaries of ecotourism 12

Defining ecotourism 15

The Ecotourist 16

Specialization 19

Benefits of ecotourism 20

Ecotourism's Philosophical Basis 22

Environmentalism 25

Sustainable development and tourism 26

The Environment as a System 28

Systems analysis 30

Human ecology 31

Complexity 33

3 The Programme Setting: Going 'In' 35

Ecotourism Supply 35

Biodiversity 35

Island biogeography and nature reserve design 36

Public reserves 38

Private reserves 40

Resource Management 41

Impacts 42

Carrying capacity 44

The ecological footprint 48

The precautionary principle 50

Discourse analysis 50

Norms 52

Community Development 54

Tourism-community issues 54

Social capital 56

Tourism Ethics 62

Theoretical ethics 63

4 Programming 66

Planning 66

Recreation Programming 68

Programming Ideology 71

Philosophy 71

Mission and vision statements 72

Goals and objectives 73

Programming Theories 74

Symbolic interactionism 74

Social exchange theory 74

Optimal arousal and flow 74

Intrinsic/extrinsic motivation 75

Personality 75

Life stage 75

Constraints 75

Programming Strategies 76

Programming Approaches 76

The Programming Model 78

The Programmer 81

Tour Operators 82

5 Needs and Assets 88

Motives (Needs) 88

Needs Assessment 90

Defining need 91

Identifying study subjects 93

Asking the right questions 93

Collecting the data 93

Data analysis 98

Reporting and using the data for planning 98

Attractions 99

Inventories of attractions and resources 102

The Business Plan 103

PESTE and SWOT analysis 109

6 Programme Design A: Structure 111

Designing the Structure of the Programme 111

Programme areas 112

Programme formats 113

Programme setting 114

Programme mobility 115

Programme lodging 116

Making Programme Design Decisions 119

Designing the Programme's Interpretive Component 122

Outdoor and environmental education 122

Interpretation 128

Models of interpretation 128

A note on trails 129

7 Programme Design B: Gearing Up to Go 134

Pre-trip Information: Briefing 134

Mental and physical preparation 136

Health Precautions 137

Transportation 140

Persons with Disabilities 140

Personal Hygiene 142

Food 142

Water 143

Recreational impacts on water 145

First Aid and Survival 146

Cold and heat 146

Clothing and equipment 149

Medical supplies 150

Permits 151

Environmental Conditions 152

Wind and weather 152

Plant and animal considerations 153

Sun 156

The Trip Planning Sheet 156

8 Programme Design C: Leadership and Risk 158

Leadership 158

Followers 159

Approaches to Leadership 160

Autocratic leadership 160

Democratic leadership 161

Laissez-faire leadership 161

Comprehensive-interaction-expectation theory of leadership 162

The leadership of Robert Greenleaf 163

Professional Development 165

Guiding: skills and guidelines 165

Safety and Risk 169

Risk Management 171

The waiver 173

9 Programme Implementation 175

Product Life Cycle 175

Marketing 177

Product 177

Price 178

Place 179

Promotion 179

A focus on people, systems and green 180

Quality 183

Staff Training 184

Job satisfaction 184

Public Relations 186

Budgeting 187

Implementation Strategies 188

Schedules and itineraries 191

10 Evaluation 194

Who should evaluate? 196

Formative and summative evaluation 196

Models of Evaluation 197

Intuitive evaluation 198

Evaluation by standards 198

Evaluation by goals and objectives 199

Evaluation by professional judgment 200

Transaction-observation method 201

Communicative and interactive approach 201

Evaluation of leisure experience 201

Importance-performance evaluation 203

Evaluation of operator ethics 205

Evaluation Details and Issues 207

Debriefing 210

Certification and Accreditation 212

Environmental Programmes 215

Green Taxes 217

11 Integrated Ecotourism Programme Planning: a Synthesis 219

Integrated Ecotourism Programme Planning 221

Social and ecological systems 223

Ecotourism ethic 223

Governance 224

Interplay between broad environment and ecotourism programming 226

Main programme categories 226

Shared philosophies, theories, strategies and approaches 227

Needs and assets 227

Programme design 228

Implementation 228

Evaluation 229

Feedbacks 229

Appendix 1 Older Adult Orienteering Questionnaire 249

Appendix 2 Medical Form 251

Appendix 3 Packing Information 252

Appendix 4 The First Aid Kit 253

Appendix 5a Injury Checklist 254

Appendix 5b Illness Checklist 256

Appendix 5c Consciousness Record 258

Appendix 6 Survival Kit 259

Appendix 7 Checklist for Effective Leadership of Hiking and Backpacking Daytrip 260

Appendix 8 Sample Waiver Form 262

Appendix 9 Ozark Ecotours Reservation Form 264

Appendix 10 Birds of Trinidad and Tobago

Itinerary 265.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages 231-248) and index.

ISBN:

0851996108

OCLC:

49648174