Developmental plasticity and evolution / Mary Jane West-Eberhard.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

West-Eberhard, Mary Jane.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Adaptation (Biology).

Phenotype.

Evolution (Biology).

Developmental biology.

Adaption, Biological.

Evolution.

Developmental Biology.

Medical Subjects:

Adaption, Biological.

Phenotype.

Evolution.

Developmental Biology.

Physical Description:

xx, 794 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm

Place of Publication:

Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2003.

Contents:

Part I Framework for a Synthesis

Chapter 1 Gaps and Inconsistencies in Modern Evolutionary Thought 3

Six Points of Confusion and Controversy 6

1. The Unimodal Adaptation Concept and the Multimodal Products of Development and Plasticity 6

2. The Cohesiveness Problem 8

3. Proximate and Ultimate Causation 10

4. The Problem of Continuous versus Discrete Variation and Change 11

5. Problematic Metaphors 13

6. The Genotype-Phenotype Problem 16

Toward a Solution 18

Chapter 2 Material for a Synthesis 21

Previous Insights on Development and Evolution 21

A Unified Theory of Phenotypic Development and Evolution 28

Chapter 3 Plasticity 34

The Meaning of Plasticity 34

Mechanisms of Plasticity 37

Phenotypic Accommodation 51

The Evolutionary Importance of Mechanisms 54

Chapter 4 Modularity 56

Modularity as Plasticity 58

Hierarchy and Integration as Aspects of Modularity 60

Application of the Modularity Concept at Different Levels of Organization 61

Metamorphosis and Life Cycle Modularity 66

The Genetic Architecture of Modular Traits 67

Modular Traits as Subunits of Gene Expression 70

Limitations of the Modularity Concept 81

Complementarity 83

Landmarks in the Evolution of Modularity 84

Hypermodularity and Somatic Sequestration 86

General Evolutionary Consequences of Increased Modularity 86

Chapter 5 Development 89

Continuity of the Phenotype 90

The Dual Nature of All Regulation 98

Gene-Environment Equivalence and Interchangeability 116

The Organization of Development by Switches 129

Complementarity, Continued 135

Consequences for Selection and Evolution 138

Chapter 6 Adaptive Evolution 139

Prerequisites for Evolution by Natural Selection 142

The Origins of Novelty 143

Genetic Accommodation 147

Genes as Followers in Evolution 157

A Developmental Definition of Adaptive Evolution 158

Chapter 7 Principles of Development and Evolution 159

Evolutionary Consequences of Plasticity 160

Evolutionary Consequences of Modularity 163

Consequences of Hierarchical Organization 174

Consequences of Regulatory Complexity 175

Does Plasticity Accelerate or Retard Evolution? 178

Does Plasticity per se Evolve? 178

Does Behavior Take the Lead in Evolution? 180

Evolvability 182

Developmental Plasticity as a Solution to the Cohesiveness Problem 183

Chapter 8 Darwin's Theory of Development and Evolution 188

Part II The Origins of Novelty

Chapter 9 The Nature and Analysis of Phenotypic Transitions 197

Developmental Recombination as a Complex Response to a Simple Input 200

Important Distinctions 200

Problems in Interpretation 202

In Praise of Anomalies 205

Chapter 10 Duplication 209

Duplication and the Rule of Independent Selection 210

Gene Duplication 211

Duplication in the Origin of Novel Morphologies 212

Duplication in the Origin of Novel Behaviors 212

Concerted Evolution and Diversification in Multigene and Multiphenotype Families 214

Chapter 11 Deletion 218

Melanophore Deletion in the Midas Cichlid 218

Deletion in the Evolution of the Arthropod Body Plan 219

Life-Stage Deletions 219

Deletion in the Evolution of Behavior 222

Deletion of the Male Phenotype in Unisexual Flowers and Fishes 223

Deletion of Intermediates 224

What Happens to the Genes? 230

Chapter 12 Reversion 232

The Developmental and Genetic Basis of Atavisms and Reversions 237

Pleiotropy and Silent Genes 238

One-Step and Gradual Reversions 239

Chapter 13 Heterochrony 241

Behavioral Heterochrony 244

Socially Induced Heterochrony in the Evolution of Termites 248

Life-History Heterochrony in Vertebrates 248

Heterochrony in Plants 250

Gradual versus One-Step Heterochrony 252

Chapter 14 Heterotopy 255

Chapter 15 Cross-Sexual Transfer 260

The Organization and Reorganization of Sex Expression 260

Darwin's Theory of Cross-sexual Transfer 262

Kinds of Evidence for Cross-sexual Transfer 263

Alternative Explanations for Sexual Monomorphism 263

Cross-sexual Transfer in Plants 265

Cross-sexual Transfer in Animals 270

Female Hormones and Neurotransmitter Substances in Male Semen and Accessory Glands 277

Alternative Reproductive Tactics 277

Cross-sexual Transfer of Parental Care 282

Cross-sexual Transfer of Switch Mechanisms 291

The Social Environment as an Inducer of Cross-sexual Transfer 293

Chapter 16 Quantitative Shifts and Correlated Change 296

Correlated Extremes 297

The Two-Legged Goat Effect in Domestic and Natural Populations 298

Trade-offs 302

Quantum Shifts and Environmental Extremes 315

Chapter 17 Combinatorial Evolution at the Molecular Level 317

Combinatorial Evolution in Regulatory Molecules 318

Combinatorial Evolution in the Genome 320

Phenotypic Recombination by RNA Splicing 323

Genetic Accommodation at the Molecular Level 324

Combinatorial Evolution and DNA Sequence Conservation 325

Molecular Terminology and the Definitions of Evolution and the Gene 327

Speculations 329

Chapter 18 Phenotypic Recombination Due to Learning 337

Learning in Relation to Selection and Evolution 338

Learning as a Developmental Source of Evolved Correlations 338

The Genetic Accommodation of Learned Traits 339

Mimicry of Natural Selection by Learning 339

Evolved Components of Learning 341

Learned Components of Evolved Traits 342

Learning and Individual Differences in the Evolution of Specialization 344

Social Competition and Learning 349

The Importance of Forgetting 350

Chapter 19 Recurrence 353

Historical Discussions of Recurrence 354

Problems in the Interpretation of Recurrent Similarity 357

Patterns of Recurrence 363

Environmentally Correlated Recurrence 368

Consequences of Recurrence for Systematics and Phylogenetics 369

The Evolutionary Significance of Recurrence 373

Part III Alternative Phenotypes

Chapter 20 Alternative Phenotypes as a Phase of Evolution 377

Alternative Phenotypes as Models for Relating Development and Evolution 379

Phenomena Easily Confused with Alternative Phenotypes 380

Historical Misconceptions about Alternative Phenotypes 383

How Alternatives Facilitate Evolution 392

Chapter 21 Divergence Without Speciation 394

Specieslike Aspects of Alternatives 395

Evidence of Postorigin Divergence 400

Why Alternatives May Foster Divergence More Effectively Than Speciation 401

Phenotype Fixation and Developmental Character Release 404

Genetic Assimilation Revisited 415

Chapter 22 Maintenance Without Equilibrium 417

Matching Models to Modes of Regulation 418

Maintenance of Conditional Alternatives 429

Alternative Phenotypes and Maintenance of Genetic Polymorphism 434

Chapter 23 Assessment 440

Learning and Assessment 462

How Complex Mechanisms of Assessment Originate and Evolve 464

The Evolution of Assessment Involving Choice 466

Part IV Developmental Plasticity and the Major Themes of Evolutionary Biology

Chapter 24 Gradualism 471

Modern Permutations of the Gradualism Controversy 473

What the Gradualism Controversy Is Not 474

Fisher's Solution, or Why the Neo-Darwinian Resolution of the Gradualism Controversy Was Unsatisfactory 476

Nine Modern Beliefs about Gradualism Reexamined in the Light of Developmental Plasticity 476

Is Darwinian Gradualism Falsified by a Developmental Evolutionary Biology? 481

Chapter 25 Homology 485

Cladistic and Broad-Sense Homology 486

The Criteria versus the Definition of Homology 488

Iterative or "Paralogous" Homology 490

"Mixed" Homology 490

Levels of Analysis and the Perception of Homology 494

Multiple Developmental Pathways and the Homology Concept 494

Chapter 26 Environmental Modifications 498

The Entrenchment of Environmental Elements in Development 500

The Environmental Induction of Novelty 503

The Superior Evolutionary Prospects of Environmentally Induced Traits 503

Recurrent Extreme Environments and Phenotypic Innovation 505

Evidence

for Environmental Initiation of Reorganizational Novelty 508

Environmental Influence and the Paleontological Time Scales of Evolutionary Change 518

Chapter 27 Speciation 526

Developmental Plasticity and Speciation: Theory 528

Developmental Plasticity and Speciation: Kinds of Evidence 530

Speciation by Fixation of Parallel Alternative Phenotypes in the Two Sexes 538

Plasticity and Abrupt Sympatric Speciation 551

Other Proposed Examples of Sympatric Speciation 554

Alternative Phenotypes and Speciation in Clines 560

Learning, Sexual Selection, and Speciation 562

Chapter 28 Adaptive Radiation 564

Binary Radiations 566

Multidirectional Radiations 573

Synergism of Plasticity and Other Factors in Adaptive Radiation 591

Grounds for Generalization 593

Predictions 596

Chapter 29 Macroevolution 598

Intraspecific Macroevolution Compared with Previous Macroevolution Concepts 599

How Developmental Plasticity Facilitates Intraspecific Macroevolution 602

Evidence 603

Sexually Selected Flexibility and Macroevolutionary Trends 608

Systema Naturae, or Why All Phyla Are Old 609

Why Molecular Biology Cannot Solve the Macroevolution Problem 615

Chapter 30 Punctuation 617

Plasticity and Punctuation 619

Two Fossil Examples 620

Morphological Stasis Is Not Evolutionary Stasis 627

Chapter 31 One Final Word: Sex 630.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages 639-743) and indexes.

ISBN:

0195122356

0195122348

OCLC:

48398911