How landscapes change : human disturbance and ecosystem fragmentation in the Americas / G.A. Bradshaw and P.A. Marquet (eds.) ; with the editorial assistance of Kathryn L. Ronnenberg.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Bradshaw, G. A. (Gay A.), 1959-

Marquet, P. A. (Pablo A.), 1963-

Ronnenberg, Kathryn L.

Series:

Ecological studies ; v. 162.

Ecological studies, 0070-8356 ; v. 162

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Fragmented landscapes--America.

Fragmented landscapes.

Ecological disturbances--America.

Ecological disturbances.

Nature--Effect of human beings on--America.

Nature.

Nature--Effect of human beings on.

America.

Physical Description:

xxi, 361 pages : illustrations (some color), maps (some color) ; 25 cm.

Place of Publication:

Berlin ; New York : Springer, [2003]

Summary:

North and South America share similar human and ecological histories and, increasingly, economic and social linkages. As such, issues of ecosystem functions and disruptions form a common thread among these cultures. This volume synthesizes the perspectives of several disciplines, such as ecology, anthropology, economy, and conservation biology. The chief goal is to gain an understanding of how human and ecological processes interact to affect ecosystem functions and species in the Americas. Throughout the text the emphasis is placed on habitat fragmentation. At the same time, the book provides an overview of current theory, methods, and approaches used in the analysis of ecosystem disruptions and fragmentation.

Contents:

2 Why the Americas? 2

3 Why Ecosystem Fragmentation? 3

Part I Causes and Processes of Landscape Fragmentation

1 Biodiversity and Human Intervention During the Last 11,000 Years in North-Central Chile / L. Nunez, M. Grosjean 7

1.2 Principal Phases of Human-Environment Interaction in North-Central Chile 8

1.2.1 Biodiversity Changes at the Pleistocene-Holocene Transition 8

1.2.2 Camelid Domestication During the Mid-Holocene: the Rise of a New Human-Environment Interaction 11

1.2.3 The Transition from Mid-Holocene to Modern Climate: Pastoralism and Agricultural Changes 12

1.2.4 Changes During the Historic Period (16th-20th Centuries) 13

2 Beyond Malthus and Perverse Incentives: Economic Globalization, Forest Conversion and Habitat Fragmentation / S.F. Siebert 19

2.2 Demographic Pressures 20

2.3 Perverse Incentives and Market Failures 21

2.4 Economic Globalization 23

2.5 The Case of Chiapas 24

2.6 Chile - The Model of Economic Liberalization 26

2.7 Economic Globalization Effects on Forest Conversion and Habitat Fragmentation 27

3 Forest Fragmentation and Biodiversity in Central Amazonia / C. Gascon, W.F. Laurance, T.E. Lovejoy 33

3.2 Forest Fragmentation and Theory 33

3.3 Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project History and Study Sites 34

3.4 Ecological Consequences of Forest Fragmentation 36

3.4.1 Area and Insularization 36

3.4.2 Edge Creation 38

3.4.3 Matrix Habitat and Landscape Configuration 39

3.5 Forest Fragmentation and Land Management 41

4 Climatic and Human Influences on Fire Regimes in Temperate Forest Ecosystems in North and South America / P. Alaback, T.T. Veblen, C. Whitlock, A. Lara, T. Kitzberger, R. Villalba 49

4.1.1 Overview of Climate 51

4.1.2 Lightning 53

4.1.3 Vegetation Patterns 54

4.2 Relation of Climate to Fire Regimes 55

4.2.1 General Patterns 55

4.2.2 Overview of Fire Disturbance Patterns in Western North America 57

4.2.2.1 Yellowstone Region 59

4.2.2.2 Colorado Front Range 61

4.2.3 Current State of Knowledge for Northern Patagonia 62

4.3 Anthropogenic Influences on Fire Regimes - Land Use and Fire Regimes in the Rocky Mountain Region and Northern Patagonia 64

4.3.1 Native American Period 65

4.3.2 The Euro-American Settlement Phase 68

4.3.3 Modern Land-Use Period 69

4.4 Effects of Fire on Landscape Patterns 71

4.6 Research Needs 73

5 Natural Versus Anthropogenic Sources of Amazonian Biodiversity: the Continuing Quest for El Dorado / B.J. Meggers 89

5.2 Significant Characteristics of the Amazonian Environment 90

5.3 Evidence for Dense Pre-Columbian Populations 91

5.3.1 Botanical Evidence 91

5.3.2 Ethnohistorical Evidence 93

5.3.3 Archeological Evidence 96

5.3.3.1 Earthworks 96

5.3.3.2 Habitation Sites 98

5.3.4 Ethnographic Evidence 99

Part II Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Fragmentation

6 Bees Not to Be? Responses of Insect Pollinator Faunas and Flower Pollination to Habitat Fragmentation / M.A. Aizen, P. Feinsinger 111

6.2 Patterns of Change in Pollinator Faunas Due to Habitat Fragmentation 112

6.3 Mechanisms and Processes Behind Changes in Pollinator Faunas 115

6.4 Scale Considerations 117

6.5 Pollination and Habitat Fragmentation 119

6.6 Concluding Remarks and Research Needs 122

7 Implications of Evolutionary and Ecological Dynamics to the Genetic Analysis of Fragmentation / L. Joseph, M. Cunningham, S. Sarre 131

7.2 Post-Fragmentation. A Comparison of Fragmentation Genetics in the Western Australian Wheat Belt and the Rainforests of the Wet Tropics 132

7.2.1 Study Areas 132

7.2.2 Study Species 133

7.2.3 Methodology 134

7.2.4 Results 135

7.3 Pre-Fragmentation. An Alternative Perspective on Genetic Structure of Natural Populations 138

7.3.1 Three Sympatric Amazonian Rodents: Contrasting Genetic Structures 139

7.3.2 Yellow-Footed Rock Wallabies: a Naturally Patchily Distributed Species 140

7.3.3 Eucalyptus argutifolia: Clonal Reproduction and Fragmentation 140

7.4 A Final Theoretical Consideration 141

8 Forest Fragmentation, Plant Regeneration and Invasion Processes Across Edges in Central Chile / R.O. Bustamante, I.A. Serey, S.T.A. Pickett 145

8.2 Edge Effect and the Invasion of Pinus radiata into Temperate Forests of Central Chile 146

8.3 Results 149

8.5 A Graphic Model 151

8.6 Model Application 154

8.6.1 Recruitment of Native Trees 154

8.6.2 Recruitment of Monterrey Pine 155

9 The Ecological Consequences of a Fragmentation-Mediated Invasion: The Argentine Ant, Linepithema humile, in Southern California / A.V. Suarez, T.J. Case 161

9.2 Methods 163

9.2.1 Ant Communities of Coastal Scrub Fragments in Southern California 163

9.2.2 The Effects of Argentine Ants on Coastal Horned Lizard Diet 165

9.3 Results 167

9.3.1 Ant Communities of Coastal Scrub Fragments in Southern California 167

9.3.2 The Effects of Argentine Ants on Coastal Horned Lizard Diet 172

9.4.1 Local Extinction of Native Ground-Foraging Ants 174

9.4.2 Diet and Prey Preference in Coastal Horned Lizards 176

9.5 Conclusions and Implications for Reserve Management 177

Part III Ecosystem Fragmentation: Theory, Methods, and Implications for Conservation

10 A Review and Synthesis of Conceptual Frameworks for the Study of Forest Fragmentation / G.H. Kattan, C. Murcia 183

10.2 Evolution of Studies on the Effects of Forest Fragmentation: Empirical Evidence and Conceptual Frameworks 185

10.3 A Comprehensive Framework 188

10.3.1 The Process of Fragmentation 188

10.3.2 Effects of Fragmentation on Animal Populations 190

10.4 Framing the Evidence 195

11 Reflections on Landscape Experiments and Ecological Theory: Tools for the Study of Habitat Fragmentation / R.D. Holt, D.M. Debinski 201

11.2 Theoretical Context 203

11.2.1 Area Effects 203

11.2.2 Dispersal Effects 204

11.2.3 Heterogeneous Landscape Effects 205

11.2.4 Interspecific Interaction and Food Web Effects 206

11.3 What Is a Fragmentation Experiment? 208

11.4 Why Do Experiments on Fragmentation? 208

11.5 A Global Survey of Fragmentation Experiments 210

11.6 A Case Study: The Kansas Experimentally Fragmented Landscape 212

11.6.1 Core Findings, 1985-1990 214

11.6.2 Core Findings, 1991-Present 214

11.7 Limitations in Experimental Fragmentation Studies 215

12 Spatial Autocorrelation, Dispersal and the Maintenance of Source-Sink Populations / T.H. Keitt 225

12.2 Spatial Autocorrelation 226

12.3 Models and Methods 227

12.3.1 Population Processes 227

12.3.2 Landscape Model 228

12.3.3 Dispersal Model 230

12.3.4. Modeling Scenarios 231

12.4 Results and Discussion 231

12.5 Management Implications 233

12.6 Appendix A: Mathematical Models 234

12.6.1 Fractal Landscapes 234

12.6.2 Stochastic Landscape Networks 235

12.7 Appendix B: Statistical Analysis and Results 237

13 Patch Dynamics, Habitat Degradation and Space in Metapopulations / P.A. Marquet, J.X. Velasco-Hernandez, J.E. Keymer 239

13.2 Levins' Original Model 240

13.3 Incorporating Patch Dynamics and Habitat Degradation (Model 2) 241

13.4 The Invasion Threshold 243

13.5 The Threshold Parameter in Levins' Metapopulation Model 244

13.6 Threshold Parameters for Model 2 244

13.7 A Spatially Explicit Metapopulation Model 247

13.8 Spatial Habitat Dynamics 249

13.9 The Interaction Between Metapopulation Dynamics and Habitat Dynamics 251

14 How Much Functional Redundancy Is Out There, or, Are We Willing to Do Away with Potential Backup Species? / F.M. Jaksic 255

14.2 Soft Evidence for Redundancy 255

14.3 Somewhat Harder Evidence for Redundancy 256

14.4 How Will We Know What Is Redundant? 259

14.5 What If Backup Species Are Necessary for Ecosystem Persistence? 260

15 Predicting Distributions of South American Migrant Birds in Fragmented Environments: A Possible Approach Based on Climate / L.

Joseph 263

15.2 Methods 265

15.3 Results 272

15.3.1 Sterna maxima 272

15.3.2 Colorhamphus parvirostris 274

15.3.3 Serpophaga griseiceps 274

15.3.4 Myiarchus swainsoni swainsoni and Myiarchus swainsoni ferocior 275

15.3.5 Elaenia strepera 275

15.3.6 Elaenia chiriquensis albivertex 275

15.3.7 Sporophila lineola 276

15.3.8 Elaenia albiceps chilensis 276

16 Habitat Heterogeneity on a Forest-Savanna Ecotone in Noel Kempff Mercado National Park (Santa Cruz, Bolivia): Implications for the Long-Term Conservation of Biodiversity in a Changing Climate / T.J. Killeen, T.M. Siles, T. Grimwood, L.L. Tieszen, M.K. Steininger, C.J. Tucker, S. Panfil 285

16.2 Climatic Stress 291

16.3 Geomorphology 292

16.4 Fire 297

16.5 Flooding 299

16.6 Succession on the Savanna-Forest Interface 300

16.7 Direct Evidence for Past Climate Change 302

16.8 Conservation Issues 308

17 Bandages for Wounded Landscapes: Faunal Corridors and Their Role in Wildlife Conservation in the Americas / S.G.W. Laurance, W.F. Laurance 313

17.2 Considerations in Corridor Design 314

17.2.1 Corridor Width 314

17.2.2 Corridor Length 316

17.2.3 Faunal Stepping Stones 317

17.2.4 Primary Versus Secondary Habitat 317

17.2.5 Topographic Position 317

17.2.6 Nonterrestrial Corridors 318

17.3 Design and Management of Faunal Corridors 318

17.3.1 Conclusions About Corridor Effectiveness 318

17.3.2 Guidelines and Principles for Corridor Design 319

17.3.3 Proactive Landscape Management 320

18 Management of the Semi-Natural Matrix / J.H. Brown, C.G. Curtin, R.W. Braithwaite 327

18.3 Land Area and Use 329

18.4 Role in Conservation 330

18.5 Case Study: Temperate Ecosystems

Conflicts Between Traditional Conservation Goals and Management of the Matrix 331

18.6 Management Goals and Methods 336

18.7 Priorities 338

Human Disturbance and Ecosystem Fragmentation in the Americas Synthesis and Final Reflections / P.A. Marquet, G.A. Bradshaw 345

How Landscapes Change: The Need of a Framework for Understanding 345

Humans and Landscape Changes in the Americas: A Plea for Integration 348

Fragmentation in the Americas: On the Road to Ecosystem Disruption? 350.

Notes:

"With 64 figures, 5 in color, and 19 tables."

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

3540436979

OCLC:

50323076