Nanofiltration : principles and applications / edited by A.I. Schäfer, A.G. Fane & T.D. Waite.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Schäfer, Andrea.

Fane, A. G.

Waite, Thomas D.

Alumni and Friends Memorial Book Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Nanofiltration.

Physical Description:

xxi, 560 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm

Place of Publication:

New York : Elsevier Advanced Technology, 2005.

Summary:

Nanofiltration processes are finding wide applications in several 'wet' industries, such as water/wastewater treatment, water re-use, textile industry, diary industry, food industry and the pulp and paper industries. Despite this, no definitive book exists which covers the principles of the techniques and their potential and actual applications. ' Nanofiltration: Principles and Applications' is edited by three well-known specialists from Australia, and contains chapters from top international authorities. The result is a comprehensive and up to date account which will be essential reading for membrane designers, manufacturers and end-users worldwide. *Hot industrial topic *Best Australian Editors and international contributors *The only book on the topic

Contents:

2 History of nanofiltration membranes 1960 to 1990 5

2.3 First-generation NF membranes 7

2.3.1 Cellulose acetate asymmetric membranes 8

2.3.2 Deficiencies in cellulosic membranes 9

2.3.3 Polyelectrolyte complexes 10

2.3.4 Polyamide membranes 10

2.3.5 Polysulfones and other polymer membranes 10

2.4 Early studies of charged reverse osmosis (hyperfiltration) membranes 11

2.4.1 Dynamic membranes 11

2.4.2 Polyelectrolyte membranes 11

2.5 Early models of NF selectivity 12

2.6 Negative salt rejection 14

2.6.1 Solutions of one electrolyte 14

2.6.2 Separation by negative salt rejection 14

2.7 Early development of industrial NF: ionic modification of asymmetric cellulose acetate 14

2.8 Early NF composites 16

2.8.2 Plasma polymerization 18

2.8.3 Graft polymerization 18

2.9 NF composites of the 1980s 19

2.9.1 Piperazineamide membranes 19

2.9.2 Other NF interfacially produced composites 20

2.9.3 Modification of RO membrane composites to bring them into the NF range 20

2.10 Composites produced by non-inter facial crosslinking 20

2.10.1 Polyvinyl alcohol composites 21

2.10.2 Sulfonated engineering plastics as selective barriers 21

2.10.3 Polyethyleneimine 22

2.11 Chemically stable NF membranes 22

2.11.1 Chemically stable polymeric asymmetric membranes 22

2.11.2 Oxidant and pH stable composite membranes 23

2.11.3 Solvent-stable NF composites 24

2.11.4 Chemically stable inorganic NF and polymeric/inorganic hybrids 26

3 Nanofiltration membrane materials and preparation 33

3.2 Phase inversion 35

3.2.3 Type of polymer 38

3.2.4 Composition of the casting solution 38

3.2.5 Post-casting treatment 40

3.2.6 Coagulation bath 41

3.2.7 Post treatment 41

3.3 Interfacial polymerisation 42

3.3.2 Supports used 43

3.3.3 Monomers 43

3.3.4 Polymerisation parameters 46

3.3.5 Additives 46

3.3.6 UV-curing / wet interface polymerisation 46

3.4 Coating 46

3.4.2 Specific examples 47

3.5 Surface modification of membranes 48

3.5.2 Plasma treatment 49

3.5.3 Classical organic reactions 49

3.5.4 Polymer grafting 50

3.5.5 Photochemical modification 51

3.5.6 Surfactant modification 52

3.6 Ceramic membranes 52

3.6.2 General procedure 52

3.6.3 Zirconia 54

3.6.4 Titania 55

3.6.5 Alumina 55

3.6.6 Hafnia 55

3.6.7 Tinoxide 56

3.6.8 Mixed oxides 56

3.6.9 Supports 56

3.6.10 Post-synthesis modifications 57

3.7 Concluding remarks and future scope 58

4 Module design and operation 67

4.1.1 The role of the module 68

4.1.2 Concentration polarisation and crossflow 68

4.1.3 Fouling 72

4.2 Module types and characteristics 72

4.2.1 Plate and frame 72

4.2.2 Spiral-wound 73

4.2.3 Tubular 74

4.2.4 Hollow fibre and capillary 75

4.2.5 Other 76

4.2.6 Module characteristics 77

4.3 Spiral-Wound module - design features 77

4.3.1 Feed channel spacers 78

4.3.2 Modelling and optimisation 80

4.4 Flux enhancing strategies 81

4.4.1 High shear - vibrating the membrane 82

4.4.2 High shear - rotor/stator modules 83

4.4.3 Bubbling 83

4.5 System design and operation 83

4.5.1 Module arrangements 84

4.5.2 Diafiltration 86

5 Membrane characterization 89

5.2 Characterization methods for nanofiltration membranes 91

5.3 Performance parameters 91

5.3.1 Retention measurements of charged molecules 91

5.3.2 Rejection of uncharged solutes 96

5.3.3 Pure water permeability 100

5.4 Morphology related parameters 100

5.4.1 Membrane porous structure 100

5.4.2 Hydrophobicity 105

5.4.3 Chemical structure 106

5.5 Charge related parameters 107

5.5.1 Electro-kinetic measurements 108

5.5.2 Titration 109

5.5.3 Impedance spectroscopy 109

5.6 Nanofiltration membranes for non-aqueous systems 109

5.7.1 Performance parameters 111

5.7.2 Morphology parameters 112

5.7.3 Charge parameters 112

5.7.4 Non-aqueous systems 112

6 Modelling the performance of nanofiltration membranes 119

6.2 Historical background 120

6.3 A Consistent description of rejection and flux 121

6.3.1 Rejection of uncharged solutes 122

6.3.2 Rejection of salts 125

6.4 Including pore size distributions 129

6.4.1 Log-normal pore size distribution 130

6.4.2 Truncation of the log-normal distribution function 132

6.4.3 Overall rejection of uncharged solutes 133

6.4.4 Overall rejection of salts 134

6.4.5 Volumetric flux and porosity 135

6.4.6 Application of the present analysis 135

6.5 A linearised model for engineering calculations 138

7 Chemical speciation effects in nanofiltration separation 147

7.2 Chemical speciation 148

7.2.1 Effect of ionic strength on chemical speciation 150

7.2.2 Effects of temperature and pressure on chemical speciation 151

7.3 Review of effects of solute size, charge and concentration on retention by NF membranes 152

7.4 Solution processes influencing speciation and retention 153

7.4.1 Acid-base transformations 153

7.4.2 Complexation 157

7.4.3 Precipitation 159

7.4.4 Oxidation-reduction 162

7.4.5 Adsorption 163

7.5 Effect of concentration polarisation on speciation and retention 165

7.5.1 Exceedance of solubility product and precipitation of solids 165

7.5.2 Aggregation of macro-molecules and precipitated solids 165

7.5.3 Formation of alternative complexes and multi-nuclear species 166

8 Fouling in nanofiltration 169

8.2 Fouling characterisation 173

8.2.1 Flux measurement and fouling protocols 173

8.2.2 Normalisation of membrane performance 174

8.2.3 Feed water fouling potential 175

8.2.4 Membrane autopsy 178

8.3 Fouling mechanisms 179

8.3.1 Concentration polarisation (CP) 181

8.3.2 Osmotic pressure 183

8.3.3 Adsorption 183

8.3.4 Gel layer formation 184

8.3.5 Cake formation and pore blocking 185

8.3.6 Critical flux and operating conditions 185

8.3.7 Additional fouling mechanisms 187

8.4 Organic fouling 190

8.4.1 Introduction and definition of organic fouling 190

8.4.2 Common organic foulants 190

8.4.3 Adsorption 192

8.4.4 Gel layer formation 194

8.4.5 Cake formation 194

8.4.6 Pore blocking/plugging 195

8.4.7 Impact of solute-solute interactions and salts 195

8.4.8 Impact of fouling on retention 196

8.5 Scaling 197

8.5.1 Introduction and definition of scaling 197

8.5.2 Solubility and super-saturation of salts 199

8.5.3 Common scalants 202

8.5.4 Characterisation of scales 203

8.5.5 Mechanisms of scale formation 204

8.6 Colloidal and particulate fouling 205

8.6.1 Introduction and definition of colloidal and particulate fouling 205

8.6.2 Colloid properties 206

8.6.3 NF membrane properties 207

8.6.4 Colloid transport and deposition 208

8.7 Biofouling 212

8.7.1 Introduction and definition of biofouling 212

8.7.2 Biofilms 212

8.7.3 Detection of biofilms in Membrane systems 214

8.7.4 Microbial composition of membrane biofilms 215

8.7.5 Consequences of biofilm formation in membrane systems 217

8.7.6 Biofilm matrix and biofilm control 217

8.8 Fouling prevention & cleaning 219

8.8.1 Pretreatment as fouling prevention 219

8.8.2 Membrane modification for fouling prevention 219

8.8.3 Cleaning methods 219

8.8.4 Determination of cleaning effectiveness 224

8.8.5 Examples of cleaning applications and cleaning process protocols 228

8.8.6 Regeneration of cleaning solutions 229

9 Pretreatment and hybrid processes 241

9.2 Pretreatment - an overview 242

9.2.1 Importance of pretreatment in NF 242

9.3 Non-membrane pretreatment methods 243

9.3.1 Control of inorganic precipitation 243

9.3.2 Removal of colloids and solids 246

9.3.3 Removal of organic substances 246

9.3.4 Biological fouling prevention 247

9.3.5 Biological pretreatment 248

9.4 Pretreatment methods using filter

media 249

9.4.1 Conventional filtration 249

9.4.2 Microfiltration (MF) 250

9.4.3 Ultrafiltration (UF) 251

9.5 Nanofiltration as a pretreatment 253

9.5.1 Pretreatment before reverse osmosis (RO) 253

9.5.2 Pretreatment before electrodialysis (ED) 254

9.5.3 Pretreatment before ion-exchange (IX) 255

9.5.4 Pretreatment before evaporation 256

9.6 NF as post-treatment and polishing technology 256

9.6.1 Purification 256

9.6.2 Fractionation 257

10 Water treatment 263

10.2 Overview of nanofiltration applications in drinking water 264

10.3 Plant design 265

10.3.1 Membrane selection 265

10.3.2 Nanofiltration treatment systems 266

10.3.3 Configurations with spiral wound membranes 267

10.3.4 Configurations with tubular membranes 268

10.3.5 Pre-treatment for spiral wound membranes 270

10.3.6 Post-treatment 270

10.3.7 Residual disposal 271

10.4 Plant operation and monitoring 272

10.5.1 Mery-sur-Oise 273

10.5.2 Sulphate removal: Jarny 277

10.5.3 Pesticide removal and softening of a borehole water: Debden Road 279

10.6 Plants treating highly coloured water 280

11 Water reclamation, remediation and cleaner production with nanofiltration 287

11.2 Reclamation of municipal effluent 288

11.2.1 Project drivers - the importance of water reclamation 288

11.2.2 Advantages of NF in municipal reclamation applications 290

11.2.3 Process fundamentals 290

11.2.4 Process limitations 292

11.2.5 Conclusion on NF water reclamation applications 295

11.3 Ground water remediation 295

11.3.1 Project drivers 295

11.3.2 Advantages of NF 296

11.3.3 Process features and fundamentals 296

11.3.4 Process limitations 299

11.3.5 Conclusions to groundwater remediation 300

11.4 Cleaner production 300

11.4.1 Sulphate removal from ChlorAlkali brine circuit 300

11.4.2 Cyanide recovery in gold processing 301

Subscripts 304

12 Nanofiltration in the food industry 305

12.2 Applications in the dairy industry 307

12.2.2 Concentration and demineralisation of whey 307

12.2.3 Concentration and demineralisation of UF-whey permeate 310

12.2.4 Treatment of ion-exchange resin regenerate 311

12.2.5 Filtration and re-use of CIP solutions 312

12.3 Applications in the sugar industry 314

12.3.2 Concentration of dextrose syrup 315

12.3.3 Concentration of thin juice 316

12.3.4 Demineralisation of coloured brine from anion-exchange resin elution solutions 317

12.4 Applications in the edible oil industry 317

12.4.2 Solvent-based de-gumming 318

12.4.3 Direct de-gumming 319

12.4.4 Deacidification 320

12.5 New developments and potential applications 321

12.5.2 NF for continuous cheese production process 321

12.5.3 NF for production of amino acids and oligosaccharides 322

12.5.4 Desalination of carboxymethylinulin 323

12.5.5 Production of alternative sweeteners 323

12.5.6 Filtration and recycling of process water 323

13 Nanofiltration in the chemical processing industry 329

13.2 Inorganic chemical industry 330

13.2.1 Characterization of the industry 330

13.2.2 Industrial processes in the inorganic chemical industry 330

13.2.3 Multi-purpose NF-RO seawater desalination 331

13.2.4 Purification of salt brine from natural deposits by nanofiltration 332

13.2.5 Pollution treatment in the inorganic chemical industry 333

13.3 Organic chemical industry 334

13.3.1 Characterization of the industry 334

13.3.2 Potential and actual applications for NF in the organic chemical industry 335

13.4 Pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry 343

13.4.1 Research and development bench test technology 343

13.4.2 General industrial process description 344

13.4.3 NF applications in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry 345

13.5 Petrochemical industry 353

13.5.1 Solvent lube dewaxing 353

13.5.2 Removal of contaminants 355

13.5.3 Deacidifying crude oil 356

13.5.4 Secondary oil recovery 356

13.5.5 Produced water 357

14 Nanofiltration in the pulp and paper industry 363

14.2 NF modules and demands in the pulp and paper industry 365

14.3 Pulp and paper waters that could be processed with membranes and reused 367

14.3.1 The pulp and paper making process in an integrated mill 367

14.3.2 Water streams in an integrated mill 368

14.4 Existing mill stage NF plants 368

14.5 Pilot and bench scale systems 371

15 Nanofiltration of textile dye effluent 379

15.2 Comparison of nanofiltration with ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis for textile effluent treatment 381

15.3 Nanofiltration of textile dye effluent 382

15.3.1 Effect of membrane charge 383

15.3.2 Effect of electrolyte and dye concentration on concentration polarisation 383

15.3.3 Effect of electrolyte valency 384

15.4 Membrane fouling with dye effluents 387

15.5 COD and BOD removal in complex effluents 387

15.6 Hybrid systems 388

16 Nanofiltration in landfill leachate treatment 395

16.2 Landfill leachate 396

16.2.1 Generation of landfill leachate 396

16.2.2 Characteristics of landfill leachate 398

16.2.3 Legal standards for treated landfill leachate 399

16.3 Overview of currently employed processes 400

16.3.1 Biological treatment 400

16.3.2 Adsorption 401

16.3.3 Oxidation/reduction 401

16.3.4 Membrane processes 402

16.3.5 Concentrate removal 403

16.3.6 Process combinations 404

16.4 Dumpsite leachate treatment by nanofiltration 405

16.4.1 General features of NF in landfill leachate treatment 405

16.4.2 NF as single process 405

16.4.3 Biology and NF 405

16.4.4 Biology and NF with concentrate treatment by adsorption/oxidation 407

16.4.5 RO with concentrate treatment by NF, crystallisation and high pressure RO 408

16.4.6 Biology, NF and adsorption on powdered activated carbon 410

16.4.7 Economics of the described processes 411

17 Nanofiltration bioreactors 413

17.1.2 Reactor types 417

17.2 Membrane fermentors 418

17.2.1 Product formation 418

17.2.2 Wastewater treatment 421

17.2.3 Engineering 424

17.3 Enzyme reactors 425

17.3.1 Oxidation/reduction reactions 425

17.3.2 Engineering 428

17.4 New developments and opportunities 428

18 Photocatalytic nanofiltration reactors 435

18.2.1 Basic principles of heterogeneous photocatalysis 438

18.2.2 NF membranes application to wastewater treatment in photocatalytic membrane reactors 439

18.3 Applications and alternativeprocesses 441

18.3.1 Possible system configurations 441

18.3.2 Irradiation mode of the photoreactors 445

18.3.3 Investigation on general NF membranes behaviour 446

18.3.4 Examples of contaminant removal 447

19 Nanofiltration in metal and acid recovery 459

19.2 Fundamentals of metal rejection in acidic solutions 460

19.2.1 Selectivity 461

19.2.2 Permeate flux: Influence of acid viscosity and metal ion concentration 463

19.2.3 Membrane stability 464

19.3 Applications in treatment of acidic industrial liquors 465

19.3.1 Nanofiltration of 10 wt% sulfuric acid liquor 465

19.3.2 Nanofiltration of 20 wt% sulfuric acid anodising solutions 465

19.3.3 Purification of 33 wt% sulfuric acid with nanofiltration 467

19.3.4 Nanofiltration of hydrochloric acid pickling waste 467

19.3.5 Purification of phosphoric acid by nanofiltration 467

19.3.6 Separation of nitric acid from heavy metals by nanofiltration 469

19.4 Application of nanofiltration in mineral processing 469

19.4.1 Nanofiltration in gold processing 470

19.4.2 Nanofiltration in copper processing 471

19.4.3 Nanofiltration in uranium processing 473

20 Trace contaminant removal with nanofiltration 479

20.2 Nanofiltration in water and wastewater treatment 480

20.3 Occurrences of trace organics and their effects on health & environment 481

20.3.1 Disinfection by-products 483

20.3.2 Persistent organic pollutants 484

20.3.3 Pesticides 485

20.3.4 Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) 486

20.3.5 Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) 489

20.4 Trace organic removal mechanisms in nanofiltration 491

20.4.1 Molecular compound characteristics and groupings 492

20.4.2 Size exclusion 493

20.4.3 Charge interaction 496

20.4.4 Interactions due to polarity 498

20.4.5 Adsorption 500

20.5 Removal of inorganic trace contaminants by nanofiltration 502

20.5.1 Characterisation of inorganic

trace contaminants 503

20.5.2 Retetention mechanisms 505

20.5.3 Arsenic 506

20.5.4 Uranium 508

20.5.5 Boron 509

20.5.6 Fluoride 510

20.5.7 Nitrate 511

21 Non-aqueous applications of NF 521

21.2 Materials and membranes 522

21.2.1 Characteristics of nanofiltration membranes for organic solvent systems 526

21.3 Applications 528

21.3.1 Dewaxing 529

21.3.2 Oleochemistry 530

21.3.3 Homogeneous catalysis 531.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Alumni and Friends Memorial Book Fund.

ISBN:

1856174050

OCLC:

51274999