Minority rights in America / Alan Axelrod.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Axelrod, Alan, 1952-

Contributor:

Rosengarten Family Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Civil rights--United States--Encyclopedias.

Civil rights.

Human rights--United States--Encyclopedias.

Human rights.

United States.

Genre:

Encyclopedias.

Physical Description:

xvi, 411 pages ; 29 cm

Place of Publication:

Washington, DC : CQ Press, 2002.

Summary:

Ever since the Dominican missionary Bartolme de Las Casas (1476-1566) first raised civil and minority rights in an American context, questions of rights have figured prominently among some of the most profound and trying moments in American history. With 725 engagingly written alphabetically arranged entries, each thoroughly cross-referenced, Minority Rights in America explores the American civil rights experience since 1492.

Entries include: -- Biographical sketches of important historical figures-- Important topics, organizations, and events-- Supreme Court cases, federal laws, and governmental agencies.

Contents:

Abernathy, Ralph David 1

Abolition Movement 1

Abortion and Abortion Rights 3

Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena 4

Addams, Jane 5

"Address to a Meeting in New York" (Malcolm X) 6

Adoption Promotion and Stability Act 6

Affirmative Action 6

African American Civil Rights Movement 7

African Americans 8

Age Discrimination 13

Age Discrimination Act of 1975 13

Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 13

AIDS 13

Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights 14

Albany Movement 14

Alexander v. Holmes County 16

Algebra Project 16

Alianza Hispano-Americana 16

Alien Land Law of 1913 17

Alien Land Law of 1920 17

Alien and Sedition Acts 17

Ali, Muhammad 18

American-Arab Discrimination Committee 19

American Asylum for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb 20

American Civil Liberties Union 20

American Coordinating Council of Political Education 21

American Council of the Blind 21

American Council of Spanish-Speaking People 22

American Federation of Labor 22

American Foundation for the Blind 23

American GI Forum of the United States 23

American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978 24

"American Promise, The" (Lyndon B. Johnson's "Special Message to the Congress, 1965") 24

American Protective League 24

Americans for Democratic Action 24

Americans with Disabilities Act 25

Americans United for the Separation of Church and State 25

Amistad Mutiny 25

Amnesty International 26

Amsterdam News 27

Anderson, Marian 27

Angelou, Maya 28

Anthony, Susan B. 28

Anti-Defamation League 30

Anti-Saloon League 30

Arrests, Laws Governing 30

Articles of Confederation 31

Aryan Nations 31

Asian-American Legal Defense and Education Fund 32

Asian Law Caucus 33

Asiatic Exclusion League 33

Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 33

Association on American Indian Affairs 34

"Atlanta Compromise" Speech (Booker T. Washington) 34

Attainder 34

Attica Prison Riot 35

Attucks, Crispus 35

Baker v. Carr 36

Baker, Ella Jo 36

Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies 37

Barnett, Ross 37

Barron v. Baltimore 37

Barton, Clara 37

Beckwith, Byron de la 38

Bethune, Mary McLeod 38

Bill of Rights 38

Birmingham Church Bombing 39

Birmingham SCLC Protests 39

Birth Control 40

Birth of a Nation, The 41

Black Codes 41

Black, Hugo L. 42

Black Legend 42

Black Legionnaires 42

Blackmun, Harry A. 43

Black Muslims 43

Black Panther Party for Self-Defense 43

Black Power Movement 44

Bloody Sunday 44

B'nai B'rith 45

Bolling v. Sharpe 45

Bond, Julian 46

Bonus Army 47

Bork, Robert H. 47

Brandeis, Louis Dembitz 48

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 48

Brown II 49

Brown Berets 49

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas 49

Brown, John 50

Bunche, Ralph 51

Burger, Warren 52

Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth 52

Busing, School 52

Calhoun, John C. 54

Capital Punishment 55

Carmichael, Stokely 55

Carter, Jimmy 56

Catholic Bishops' Committee for the Spanish-Speaking 57

Catholic Worker Movement 57

Census, U.S. 57

Center for Civil and Human Rights 58

Center for Law and Social Policy 58

Center for Women's Policy Studies 59

Chaney, James Earl 59

Chavez, Cesar 60

Chicago Daily Defender 60

Chicano Studies 61

Child Abuse 61

Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act 62

Child Welfare League of America 62

Children's Defense Fund 62

Children's Rights 62

Chinese for Affirmative Action 63

Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act 63

Chinese Exclusion Treaty and Act 63

Chisholm, Shirley 64

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints 64

Church Women United 64

Citadel Case 64

Citizen's Commission on Civil Rights 65

City of Richmond v. J. R. Croson Co. 65

Civil Disobedience 65

Civil Rights Act of 1866 66

Civil Rights Act of 1875 66

Civil Rights Act of 1957 66

Civil Rights Act of 1964 66

Civil Rights Act of 1990, Veto of 66

Civil Rights Act of 1991 67

"Civil Rights, Address on" (John F. Kennedy) 67

Civil Rights Commission 67

Civil Rights Division, U.S. Department of Justice 67

Civil Unions 68

Clayton Act 68

Cleaver, Eldridge 68

Clinton, Bill 69

Coca-Cola Company, Class Action Suit Against 70

COINTELPRO 70

Collective Bargaining 71

Color Line 71

Columbus Board of Education v. Penick 71

Commission on the Status of Women 71

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women 72

Common Law 72

Community Reinvestment Act 72

Comprehensive Employment and Training Act 72

Compromise of 1850 73

Compromise of 1877 73

Comstock, Anthony 74

Confessions, Law Governing 74

Confiscation Acts 75

Congress of Racial Equality 75

Connor, T. Eugene "Bull" 76

Conscientious Objectors 76

Contempt 76

Contempt of Congress 77

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women 77

Corporal Punishment 77

Council of Federated Organizations 78

Coxey, Jacob 78

Crazy Horse 78

Crisis, The 79

Cruel and Unusual Punishment 79

Cuban Refugees 80

Custer, George Armstrong 81

Daley, Richard J. 82

Darrow, Clarence 82

Dawes Severalty Act 83

Day, Dorothy 84

Debs, Eugene V. 84

Declaration of Independence 85

Defense of Marriage Act 85

Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. 86

Department of Housing and Urban Development, U.S. 86

Department of the Interior, U.S. 86

Department of Justice, U.S. 86

Department of Labor, U.S. 87

Desegregation 88

Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund 88

Dix, Dorothea 88

Domestic Violence 88

"Don't Ask, Don't Tell" Policy 89

Douglas, William O. 89

Draft Laws 90

Dred Scott Decision 90

Drug Testing 91

Du Bois, W.E.B. 91

Due Process 92

Ebonics 93

Education Law Center 93

Education Rights 94

Eisenhower, Dwight D. 95

Emancipation Proclamation 96

English-only Legislation and Movements 97

Equal Access Act 98

Equal Credit Opportunity Act 99

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, U.S. 99

Equality League of Self-Supporting Women 99

Equal Pay Act of 1963 100

Equal Rights Amendment 100

Espionage Act 100

Euthanasia 100

Evers, Medgar 100

Exclusionary Zoning 101

Ex parte Virginia 101

Fair Employment Practices Committee 102

Fair Housing Act 102

Fair Labor Standards Act 102

Fairness Doctrine 103

Family and Medical Leave Act 103

Farmer, James 104

Farm Labor Rights 104

Farrakhan, Louis 104

Faubus, Orval E. 105

Federal Bureau of Investigation 105

Federalist Papers, The 106

Fifteenth Amendment 106

Fifth Amendment 107

First Amendment Foundation 107

Flag Laws 107

Ford, Gerald R. 107

Ford Motor Company, Class Action Suit Against 108

Fortas, Abe 109

Fourteenth Amendment 109

Frankfurter, Felix 109

Freedmen's Bureau 110

Freedom House 110

Freedom of Information Act 110

Freedom Rides 111

Freedom Summer 111

Free Speech 112

Friedan, Betty 112

Fugitive Slave Act (1793) 113

Fugitive Slave Law 113

Gallaudet, Thomas 114

Gandhi, Mohandas 114

Garrison, William Lloyd 116

Garvey, Marcus 116

Gay Rights 117

Gay Rights and the Military 119

Gender Bias and Discrimination 119

Gentleman's Agreement 120

Gerrymandering 120

Gilman, Charlotte Perkins 121

Ginsburg, Ruth Bader 121

Glass Ceiling Commission 122

Gompers, Samuel 122

Goodman, Andrew 122

Grandfather Clause 123

Gray Panthers 123

Great Migration, The 123

Great Society 123

Greensboro Sit-in 124

Gregory, Dick 124

Griggs v.

Duke Power Co. 125

Grimke, Sarah and Angelina 125

Habeas Corpus 126

Hamer, Fannie Lou 126

Hampton, Fred 127

Harlem Renaissance 127

Harvard Project on School Desegregation 127

Hate Speech 128

Haymarket Riot 128

Helms, Jesse A. 128

Hill, Joe 129

Hispanic Americans 129

Hispanic Civil Rights Movement 131

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr. 132

Home Mortgage Disclosure Act 133

Homeschooling 133

Homestead Act of 1862 133

Hoover, J. Edgar 134

Hostile Work Environment 134

House Un-American Activities Committee 135

Housing Rights 135

Howard, Oliver O. 137

Hughes, Langston 137

Hull House 138

Human Rights Watch 138

Hutchinson, Anne 139

"I Have a Dream" Speech (Martin Luther King Jr.) 141

Immigration Act of 1917 141

Immigration Act of 1924 141

Immigration Act of 1965 141

Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1952 142

Immigration Reform and Control Act 142

Immigration Rights, Statutes, and Restrictions 142

Indentured Servitude 142

Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 142

Indian Citizenship Act 142

Indian Civil Rights Act 143

Indian Country Crimes Act 143

Indian Freedom of Religion Act 143

Indian Major Crimes Act 143

Indian Removal Act of 1830 143

Indian Reorganization Act 144

Indian Resource Law Center 144

Indian Self-Determination Act 144

Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts 144

Indian Wars 145

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 146

Industrial Workers of the World 147

Insular Cases 147

Integration 147

Interagency Council on the Homeless 148

International Ladies Garment Workers Union 148

Islam, Nation of 148

Issei 149

Jackson, Andrew 150

Jackson, Jesse Louis 151

Jackson, Mahalia 152

Japanese American Evacuation Claims Act 152

Japanese Exclusion League 152

Japanese Internment 152

Jefferson, Thomas 154

Jehovah's Witnesses, Supreme Court Rulings Concerning 155

Jim Crow Laws 156

Job Corps 157

Job Training Partnership Act 157

Johnson, Lyndon B. 158

Jones, Mary Harris ("Mother Jones") 159

Journey of Reconciliation 159

Kansas-Nebraska Act 160

Keller, Helen 160

Kennedy, John Fitzgerald 161

Kennedy, Robert F. 162

King, Martin Luther, Jr. 163

King, Rodney, Case 164

Know-Nothing Party 164

Korean Exclusion League 165

Ku Klux Klan 165

Labor Rights 167

La Follette, Robert M. 167

Las Casas, Bartolome de 168

Leadership Conference on Civil Rights 169

League of Nations 169

League of United Latin American Citizens 169

Legal Services for Prisoners with Children 170

"Letter from Birmingham Jail" (Martin Luther King Jr.) 170

Lewisburg Prison Project 170

Lewis, John 171

Lincoln, Abraham 171

Literacy Tests for Voting 172

Little Rock School Crisis 173

Local 93 International Association of Firefighters AFL-CIO v. Cleveland 174

Los Angeles Race Riot 174

Louis, Joe 174

Loving v. Virginia 175

Lynching 175

Madison, James 176

Magna Carta 177

Malcolm X (El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz) 177

Mandela, Nelson 178

March Against Fear 179

March on Washington 179

Margold Report 180

Marshall, Thurgood 180

Martin Luther King Day 181

Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Social Change 181

Maryland Colony 181

Massachusetts Body of Liberties 182

Mattachine Society 182

McCarthy, Joseph 182

McKinley Homeless Assistance Act 183

McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents 183

Medicaid and Medicare 183

Meiklejohn Civil Liberties Institute 184

Melting Pot Concept 184

Mentally Ill, Rights of the 184

Meredith, James Howard 185

Meredith March 186

Mexican-American Legal Defense and Education Fund 186

Mexican War 186

Mfume, Kweisi 186

Migrant Labor 186

Migrant Legal Action Program 188

Military, Desegregation of the 188

Million Man March 188

Miranda v. Arizona 189

Miscegenation Laws 189

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 190

Mississippi, University of 190

Missouri Compromise 191

Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada 192

Montgomery Bus Boycott 192

Montgomery Improvement Association 193

Morgan v. Virginia 193

Mormon Church 194

Moses, Robert Parris 194

Mount Laurel Cases 195

Nashville Student Movement 196

National Abortion Rights Action League 196

National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, Report of 197

National Affordable Housing Act 197

National American Woman Suffrage Association 197

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 198

National Association of Colored Women 198

National Center for Lesbian Rights 199

National Center for Youth Law 199

National Clearinghouse for the Defense of Battered Women 199

National Congress of American Indians 199

National Council of La Raza 200

National Council of Senior Citizens 200

National Farm Workers Association 200

National Gay and Lesbian Task Force 200

National Housing Law Project 201

National Immigration Project 201

National Lawyers Guild 201

National Negro Conference 202

National Organization for Women 202

National Urban League 202

National Woman's Party 203

National Women's Law Center 204

Nation of Islam 204

Native American Church 204

Native American Civil Rights Movement 205

Native American Rights Fund 206

Native Americans 206

Nativism 208

Naturalization Act of 1870 208

Natural Rights 208

Newton, Huey P. 209

New York Association for Improving the Conditions of the Poor 209

New York Children's Aid Society 210

Niagara Movement 210

Nisei 210

Nixon, Richard M. 210

Nonviolence Doctrine 212

NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund 213

Occupational Safety and Health Act 214

O'Connor, Sandra Day 214

Office for Civil Rights 215

Office of Federal Contract Compliance Program 215

Open Housing Act 215

Owens, Jesse 215

Paine, Thomas 217

Palmer Raids 218

Parks, Rosa 218

Passive Resistance 219

Pennsylvania Colony 219

Penn, William 219

Philadelphia Plan 220

"Philadelphia Plan, Remarks on the" (Arthur Fletcher) 221

Planned Parenthood Federation of America 221

Plessy v. Ferguson 221

Police Brutality 222

Political Asylum 222

Poll Taxes 222

Poor People's Campaign 223

Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr. 223

Prisoners' Rights 224

Privacy Rights 225

Probable Cause 226

Proposition 187 226

Proposition 209 227

Public and Indian Housing Program 227

Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund 227

Quakers 228

Quotas, Immigration 228

Quotas, Racial 228

Race Riots 229

Racial Profiling 229

Racism 230

Radical Republicans 230

Randolph, A. Philip 230

Rap Music 231

Ray, James Earl 231

Reagan, Ronald W. 232

Reasonable Doubt 233

Reconstruction 234

Reeb, James 235

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke 235

Rehnquist, William H. 235

Religion, Freedom of 236

Reparations Assessment Group 237

Reservations, Indian 237

Reverse Discrimination 238

Rhode Island Colony 238

Richardson, Gloria St. Clair Hayes 239

Right to Die 239

Right-to-Life Movement 240

Robinson, Jackie 240

Roe v. Wade 241

Roosevelt, Eleanor 241

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 242

Rustin, Bayard 244

Sacco and Venzetti Case 245

Salem Witch Trials 246

Sanger, Margaret 246

Savio, Mario 247

Schlafly, Phyllis 247

Schneiderman, Rose 248

Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture 248

School Prayer 248

Schwerner, Michael 248

Scottsboro Boys 249

Seale, Bobby 249

"Segregation Today, Segregation Forever" Speech (George C. Wallace) 250

Selective Service System 250

Selma (Alabama) SNCC-SCLC Demonstration 250

Seneca Falls Conference 251

"Separate but Equal" Doctrine 251

Seton, Elizabeth Ann 252

Sexism 252

Sexual Harassment 252

Shaw v. Reno 253

Shelley v. Kraemer 253

Siege at Wounded Knee 253

Simpson, O. J. 254

Sit-ins 254

Sitting Bull 255

Sixth Amendment 255

Slaughterhouse Cases 256

Slavery 256

Social Darwinism 258

Southern Christian Leadership Conference 258

Southern Manifesto, The 258

Southern Negro Youth Congress 259

Sovereign Immunity 259

Speech, Freedom of 259

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady 259

States' Rights 260

Stereotypes, Ethnic and Racial 260

Stonewall Protest 261

Stowe, Harriet Beecher 261

Strauder v. West Virginia 262

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 262

Students for a Democratic Society 263

Suicide, Assisted 264

Supreme Court 264

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education 264

Sweatt v.

Painter 264

Tailhook Scandal 266

Tarbell, Ida 266

Tenement House Law of 1867 267

Test Case 267

Thirteenth Amendment 267

Thomas, Clarence 267

Thoreau, Henry David 268

Three-Fifths Compromise 269

Thurmond, James Strom 269

Till, Emmett 270

To Secure These Rights 270

Trail of Tears 270

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire 271

Truman, Harry S. 271

Truth, Sojourner 273

Tubman, Harriet 273

Tuskegee Airmen 274

Tuskegee Institute 274

Uncle Tom 276

Underground Railroad 276

United Farm Workers 277

United Nations 277

United States v. Cruikshank 278

United States v. Kagama 278

United States-Mexican War 278

Universal Declaration of Human Rights 280

Universal Negro Improvement Association 280

University of California v. Bakke 280

Urban Institute 281

Urban Renewal 281

Veterans' Rights 282

Victims' Rights Legislation 282

Vietnam War Protest Movement 283

Violence Against Women Act of 1998 285

Voter Registration Drives 285

Voting Rights Act of 1965 285

Voucher Plans 286

Wald, Lillian D. 287

Wallace, George C. 287

Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Antonio 288

War on Poverty 289

Warren, Earl 289

Washington, Booker T. 290

Washington, D.C., Voting Rights in 290

Washington, George 291

Watts (Los Angeles) Race Riot 292

Welfare State 292

"We Shall Overcome" 293

Wheeler-Howard Indian Reorganization Act 293

White Supremacy Movements 293

Wilkins, Roy O. 294

Williams, Roger 295

Women's Civil Rights Movement 295

Women's Law Project 298

Women's Liberation Movement 298

Women's Rights 298

Women's Suffrage Movement 299

Woolworth Lunch Counter Sit-in 299

Young Negroes Cooperative League 300

Young, Whitney Moore, Jr. 300

Youth Law Center 300

Zellner, Robert 302

Zenger Case 302.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages 385-398) and index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Rosengarten Family Fund.

ISBN:

1568026854

OCLC:

50906024