Reputation in artificial societies : social beliefs for social order / by Rosaria Conte, Mario Paolucci.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Conte, Rosaria, 1952-

Contributor:

Paolucci, Mario.

Series:

Multiagent systems, artificial societies, and simulated organizations

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Social perception.

Impression formation (Psychology).

Computer networks--Social aspects.

Computer networks.

Information society.

Physical Description:

xii, 208 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm.

Place of Publication:

Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers, [2002]

Summary:

Reputation In Artificial Societies discusses the role of reputation in the achievement of social order. The book proposes that reputation is an agent property that results from transmission of beliefs about how the agents are evaluated with regard to a socially desirable conduct. This desirable conduct represents one or another of the solutions to the problem of social order and may consist of cooperation or altruism, reciprocity, or norm obedience. Reputation In Artificial Societies distinguishes between image (direct evaluation of others) and reputation (propagating meta belief, indirectly acquired) and investigates their effects with regard to both natural and electronic societies. The interplay between image and reputation, the processes leading to them and the set of decisions that agents make on their basis are demonstrated with supporting data from agent based simulations.

Contents:

Introduction: Order: Old Problems, New Challenges, and Reusable Solutions 1

1. Old Social Problems 1

2. Infosocial Challenges 3

3. Emergent order Vs. Designed control 4

4. Actuality of Reputation: Spontaneous social Control 5

5. Impact on Infosocieties 6

Part I. The State of the Art 13

Chapter 1. Why Bother with Reputation? 15

1. Relevance of Reputation 15

2. Earlier Views 16

2.1 Honour 17

2.2 Dignity 17

2.3 Reputation 19

2.4 Fame 19

2.5 Static vs. Dynamic Properties 19

3. Current Views 20

3.1 What It Is: Current Definitions of Reputation 20

3.2 What Is It Good For? Fields of Interest and Applications 21

Chapter 2. Theory and Practice of Cooperation: Focusing on the Reputed Agent 35

1. Cooperation: A Predicted or Effective Dilemma? 35

2. Game-Theoretical Expectations: The Prisoner's Dilemma 37

2.1 Cooperation, Social Order, and Centralised Institutions 37

2.2 Introduction to the Prisoner's Dilemma 38

3. Experimental Findings: More Cooperation Than Expected 43

4. Problems Left Open 49

4.1 Reputation and Trust: Complementary Notions? 49

4.2 What About Reputing Agents? 49

Chapter 3. The Shadow of the Future 51

1. Repeated Games in Pd: The Appearance of Tft 52

1.1 Finitely repeated games 52

1.2 Backward Induction on the PD 52

1.3 Infinitely repeated games 53

1.4 Axelrod's Tournaments: TFT Takes All 53

1.5 Simple Strategies Bring More Insight: Towards Reputation 56

2. Repeated encounters in Field experiments 57

3. Uncertainity brings out Reputation in finitely repeated games 59

3.1 The Chain Store Paradox 59

3.2 Uncertainty in the PD 61

4. Recapitulation and OPEN ISSUES 62

4.1 One-shot collaboration 62

4.2 Predictive power of rational cooperation 63

Part II. Reputation Transmission 65

Chapter 4. An Alternative Prespective: The Reputing Agent 67

1. AIMS 67

2. A model of limited autonomous agents 68

2.1 Filtering beliefs 69

2.2 Filtering goals 69

2.3 Limited autonomy 71

3. A cognitive model of reputation 71

3.1 Image 73

3.2 Reputation 74

4. Reputation-based Decisions 79

4.1 Epistemic 79

4.2 Pragmatic-Strategic 80

Chapter 5. Advantages of Reputation Over Repeated Interaction 83

1. Introduction to the Sim-Norm Model 83

1.1 Purpose of the Model 83

1.2 The Problem of Norms 84

1.3 Description of the Model 86

1.4 Results in Homogeneous Populations 89

2. The Costs Of Compliance In Mixed Populations 90

2.1 Redistributing the Costs of Compliance: Image 92

2.2 Redistributing the Costs of Compliance: the Role of Reputation 94

3. Genetic bases for the spreading of reputation 96

3.1 Deletion Strategy 97

3.2 Parent Selection and the Mechanism of Reproduction 97

3.3 Findings 98

Chapter 6. Whether, Why, and Whom to Tell 101

1. Reputations: A Control Artefact 101

2. What Memetics Has to Say 102

3. Memetic Questions 103

3.1 Agent Requirements 103

3.2 The Memetic Model of Transmissibility 104

4. The Memetic Decision About Reputation 104

4.1 Whether and Why 107

4.2 To whom 109

4.3 About whom 109

4.4 How 110

5. Outputs of Memetic Decision: Some Hypotheses 110

5.1 Whether to Transmit 111

5.2 What to Transmit: Fidelity and Fallacy in Reputation Transmission 112

6. Overlapping of Roles: Predictions of the Model 114

6.1 Primary Consequences 114

6.2 Combined Consequences 115

Part III. What Reputation is Good for 119

Chapter 7. Reciprocal Altruism Reconsidered 121

1. The Problem 121

2. The Solutions 122

2.1 Reciprocal Altruism 122

2.2 TIT-FOR-TAT and the Evolutionary Metaphor for Reciprocity 124

3. In Search of Theory: How did Reciprocity Evolve? 126

3.1 Types of Reciprocity 126

3.2 Paths to Reciprocity 127

4. Anything Missing? 133

4.1 Cognitive Differences under Behavioural Convergence 133

4.2 The Adaptive Mind 134

4.3 Social Cognitive Artefacts 137

Chapter 8. Informational Altruism 139

1. Reputation and Gossip: Agent Property and Social Process 139

2. On Gossip 140

2.2 Properties 141

2.3 Functions: Vis-a-vis the Society 144

2.4 A Weapon of the Weak 148

3. Follow-Up Questions 149

3.1 Gossip as Informational Reciprocal Altruism 149

Chapter 9. False Reputation 153

1. False reputation in social control 153

1.1 Expected Results 154

1.2 The Design of the Experiment 155

2. Expectations and findings 156

2.1 Asymmetry between Calumny and Leniency 158

Part IV. Advantages of the Present Approach 163

Chapter 10. Social Impact of Reputation 165

1. Back to the Future: Extension and Social Impact of Reputation 165

2. Problems Still Unsolved 166

3. Advantages of the Present Approach 166

3.1 For Monitoring 167

3.2 For Action 169

Chapter 11. Reputation in Infosocieties 173

1. Online Communities 173

2. Misbehaviour in online communities 175

3. The problem of shifting identities 176

4. Reputation Systems in Infosocieties 179

4.1 Application-Level Reputation Systems: eBay 179

4.2 Research-level Reputation Systems 182

5. Reputation for Multi-agent Systems 184

1. The Helix of Reputation 189

2. A Process-Centred Approach 190

3. Weapon of the Weak 191

4. A Prudence Rule 191

5. For a Dynamic Social Order 192

6. Virtues and Vices 192

7. God-less Machines and Social Machinery 193

8. Courtesy Online 194.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references (pages [195]-205) and index.

ISBN:

1402071868

OCLC:

50292380